Modern history

The Best Man. Biography of Gandhi

2010-01-16T19:51:00.003-08:00

When we are proud of having done slightly well, we should look again under the prism of the big men, like Gandhi, who preached with the example and turned into the leader of the nonviolence of all the times.

Gandhi

Spiritual chief of the India and religious leader of international reputation

Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in a remote place of the India, in the coastal city of Porbandar, of the district of Gujarat.

In his spiritual Mohandas formation, there met a series of cultures and amalgamated creeds: the Hindu, the Muslim, the jain. The above mentioned were practising the nonviolence not only with the animals and the human beings, but even with the plants, the microbes, the water, the fire and the wind.

At the age of 13 they married him with a young woman whom it was promised from 6 years. He fell in love deeply with the young woman and that's why I leave the paternal hearth the night in which his moribund father died. The fault that transported this act marked it in such a way that later he would declare himself against the marriage between children and in favor of the sexual continence.

Nehru and Gandhi

In London he lived between 1888 and 1891, began there in the reading of the first Indian outstanding figure, Bhagavad Gita, whom he would go so far as to consider «the excellent book for the knowledge of the truth». It had contact with Christ's educations, and during a time he felt so attracted by the Christian ethics. Of this epoch there are his attempts of synthesizing the prescripts of the Buddhism, the Christianity, the Islam and his native religion, across what unifier of all of them indicated like the beginning: the idea of renunciation.

He read to Tolstoi, in whom later the guide would find for the improving of the practice and the theory of the nonviolence. It returned to the India with the lawyer title, Viajo in search of the western knowledge and it was returning with the secret that had made the hindúes wise persons.

He accepted a work in London, and when it was point of returning to the India was embarked in the task of defending a group of hindúes named contemptuously by sami, against whom them one was discriminating racialmente. He decided then to postpone the game one month to organize the resistance of his compatriots, and the month it turned in twenty-two years.

It articulated a movement dedicated to the agitation by legal means.

From 1904, it modified his life style and happened to take a simple community existence in the outskirts of Johannesburgo where it founded a commune called Tolstói. In this epoch it sketched the theory of the non-violent activism, which it started for the first time to be opposed to the record law.

It went to stop to the jail several times, but the movement of civil resistance obtained several partial successes.

Gandhi came to the India in 1915 like a real hero.Las masses of Bombay paid a warm reception.

Portrait of the "Mahatma".

.Fundó an almost monastic community in which the foreign clothings, the meals were prohibited with spices and the private ownership. His members were devoting themselves only to two material works: the agriculture, to obtain the sustenance, and the textile to hand, the overcoat is tried.

Of a group of the urban middle classes, it happened to be a deeply rooted organization of masses in the peoples and in the peasantry. There were started the big campaigns of civil disobedience, which were going from the massive denial to pay taxes up to the boycott to the authorities.

On January 30, 1948, when to the dusk it was going to the community prayer, it was reached by the bullets of a young Hindu.

Source: In Google

Image Gandhi

The Best Man. Biography of Gandhi

2010-01-16T19:51:00.001-08:00

Gandhi

Spiritual chief of the India and religious leader of international reputation

Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in a remote place of the India, in the coastal city of Porbandar, of the district of Gujarat.

Nehru and Gandhi

It articulated a movement dedicated to the agitation by legal means.

It went to stop to the jail several times, but the movement of civil resistance obtained several partial successes.

Gandhi came to the India in 1915 like a real hero.Las masses of Bombay paid a warm reception.

Portrait of the "Mahatma".

On January 30, 1948, when to the dusk it was going to the community prayer, it was reached by the bullets of a young Hindu.

Source: In Google

Image Gandhi

Haiti the country that he suffers

2010-01-16T13:24:00.001-08:00

The air in Port-au-Prince begins smelling to bodies in decomposition. The people cover it facing the gait for the streets. The persons stroll for the streets looking for relatives and also resources, being the most wished drinking water. Many of the doctors in Haiti perished in the earthquake

Earthquake in Haiti New york steal

The unfortunate event provokes that the eyes of the world are put in this Caribbean country. From this page we invite him to know more of this country to place correctly our opinion about he.

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The Republic of Haiti or Haiti, it is a country of the Caribbean Sea, in the western part of the island Spaniard, bordering, to the east, on the Dominican Republic. His entire area is 27.750 km ² and his capital is Port-au-Prince.

Haiti is an ancient French colony, it was the American country second in declaring his independence, in 1804, it precedes the United States.

Haiti is remembered in the annals of the history of the humanity for being the first case in which the enslaved ones abolished the system esclavista of autonomous and lasting form in the time, sitting a definitive precedent for the end of the slavery in the World.

A year 2007 Haiti had a population of 8.706.497 inhabitants. 95 % of the Haitians is principally of African ancestry and the remainder 5 % is composed for white and half-caste. The official language is French. The life expectancy is 57 years. The children average for woman is 4,86 (the highest average of the American continent).

The population growth rate is 2,45 % per year. Only 52,9 % of the population is alphabetized. Although Haiti mediates nearly 270 persons for square kilometer, his population is concentrated more hard on the urban areas, coastal plains and vales.

French is one of two official languages, but part of the population is spoken by the only one. Almost all the Haitians speak kreyòl (Creole or creole Haitian), another official language of the country. English is spoken between the young people and in the commercial sector. The Spanish is spoken principally in the neighboring areas to the Dominican Republic

The Catholicism is the religion professed by the majority. Many have turned to the Protestantism. And many Haitians practise also the traditions voodoo, without any conflict with his Christian faith.

Source: Wiki was asking, Google

Image:

1 - Earthquake Haiti

2 - wikipedia,

Orthodox new year

2010-01-14T20:08:00.001-08:00

Happy Old New Year!

The old new Year or orthodox old Year is a religious holiday that is celebrated in countries of orthodox religious tradition. The holiday is in the beginning of the year according to the calendar juliano who in the XXth and XXIst centuries is January 13 or 14.

Cathedral of San Basilio

After the Christianity was adopted, the Byzantine calendar began substituting the ancient and pagan one that it was celebrating on March 22 the first day of the year. This is because it was related to the agricultural cycle, and 22 it was corresponding to the spring equinox.

At the beginning of the XVth century it was adopted formally on September 1 as the first day of the year, according to Byzantine calendar.

Image in google

In the year 1699 according to the decree of Peter I, known as the Big one, the celebration of the New Year moved for January 1 according to the new Gregorian calendar. Nevertheless, the Orthodox Church there kept on using the calendar juliano who till now has a difference of 13 days with the Gregorian calendar. From March 1, 2100 this difference will be 14 days. In 2101 the Christmas and the Old New Year they will be celebrated one day later.

In the year 1918, shortly after the Revolution, there "was" "eliminated" this difference of 13 days between the European calendar and the Russian with the official implementation of the Gregorian calendar. That way they appeared two “New Years“: according to the modern calendar and the ancient one.

Orthodox New year As well as in many countries that use the Gregorian calendar, the New Year in Russia is a public festivity and it is celebrated on the first of January. On this day happy entertainments and pyrotechnic games appear, as well as long and elaborated meals. The new year in the calendar juliano presents before himself still formally and the tradition of celebrating the arrival of a new year two times is enjoyed extensively.

In other countries, the tradition of the Old New Year has kept on celebrating, since the Orthodox Church Serbia and the Orthodox Church of Macedonia support his holidays and holidays according to the calendar juliano. Some of these are Ukraine, Belorussia, and the integral countries of the ancient Yugoslavian Republic; Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. Generally it is not so festive as the “real new year“, because for any it is an emotive familiar festivity finishing the cycle of festivities of new year.

A popular song mine is even remembered by some Ukrainian grandparents, when in epoch of festivities they were meeting to sing thus: "….pone the table, it prepares the tablecloths that three visits will come to your house, her firstly visit of the child Dios, the second San Basilio (kings), third new year”

Source of the Text:

Old New year in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Images:

1 Cathedral of san Basilio, Image 2

Nelson Mandela and the South African racial pacification across the rugby

2010-01-13T18:03:00.001-08:00

Today we bring them in sobrehistoria.com a page of the complex contemporary history of Africa. That of the attempts of racial unification for which heartily Nelson Mandela fought. A history that - with a historical transfondo of long byline - there personify two personages who marked the history of South Africa: Order it, South African president and Francois Pienaar, captain of the South African selecciòn of rugby.

Of the hand of the premiere of the movie Invictus, we proposed to do a revision of the history that tells us this movie. As we were reporting that more above South Africa was a nation with a strong racial and social conflict when, in 1994, Nelson Mandela takes up office. He was the first president of South Africa in being chosen by democratic means under universal suffrage.

It is necessary to remember that during the majority of the XXth century, in South Africa the Apartheid developed. East was basically a racial segregation system, that the political leaders imposed of cotied Party Nationalistic and Party Afrikáans.

The Apartheid restored with a law of the year 1950, deteminaba the separation in the cities of areas of exclusivity for white persons. Banks of squares, beaches, hospitals, schools and buses were an object of this terrible act of discrimination.

Those who could see Invictus, will see one Order it - opposing perm to the diet of the Apartheid - that, on having assumed his presidency, meets a difficult task. That of appeasing and unifying a village split into two races that had mutually a deep mistrust. One of so many people strategies that the president Order it starts for revertir this it was that of using of the sport as possible communication ambience between these so distant groups.

It was so Order it it took a position of entire support to the national team of Rugby - the Springboks - exactly when this one was taking part of the World cup of 1995 that was realized in South Africa. This decision was based on the fact that the rugby was a sport ”of targets”, and - for her - it received not little criticism of its own followers. It is here where the player Francois Pienaar - captain of the chosen one - takes transcendency in the history of the African unification.

Pienaar, a white man who had been raised in the scorn to the blacks, could without embrago overcome these prejudices that had been inculcated to him and agreed to collaborate with Order it. The president entrusted to him to reach a sports exploit that - then - was unthinkable: to gain the Cup of the World. Order it he was hoping that this way the popular morality would rise and the integration would be facilitated.

Sportingly, the Springboks - with Pienaar as captain and leader - realized an exceptional campaign and managed to rise with the world cup. After the victory, he was the same president Order it showing a T-shirt of the Springboks with the number of Pienaar, who did delivery of the trophy.

Francois Pienaar pronounced then a phrase that was the reflex itself of that idea that had brought Nelson Mandela over: the team had gained the world cup, not only for 60.000 fans in the stadium, but for all the 43.000.000 of South Africans.

Aminatu Haidar

2010-01-11T23:05:00.001-08:00

Aminatou Haidar, born in Akka Centre, province of Tata, Morocco, is an activist pro Saharan advocate of the Human rights of his ground. The history that we will tell them next is that of "rebellious" one that fights for his beginning and that is caught by the "system" on having turned out to be the hostile one to the economic interests of the powerful ones. A history that recurs over the course of time, today personified by this woman known as Aminatu.

Aminatou Haidar has turned into the most important activist to the advantage of whom the Democratic Saharan Arab Republic is declared independent from the government of Morocco.

This territory was previously a Spanish ex-colony, who interrupted his decolonization process in 1976 after his abandonment, after which the Agreement of Madrid was signed.

Due to his Saharan ideology, Haidar has been the chased one and it was suppressed in several occasions. In the middle of the decade of ´80 was part of a pacific declaration formed by 700 participants who were demanding the referendum of independence of the Sahara opposite to Morocco.

After these activities it was caught by the Arab government without charges or previous judgment for more than 4 years. There he suffered tortures along with another 9 women and 50 imprisoned Saharan men.

In 2005 it was condemned for the Moroccan justice to 7 months of prison. Due to the well-known aberrations of the process, the judgment was denounced by International Amnesty. After passed one month imprisoned was, Aminatou Haidar was liberated at the beginning of 2006.

His putting at large motivated varied claims of independence of the Saharan ones, which were evident in the streets of The Aaiún with varied protests forms.

After the big dimension mediática of his irregular aprisionamiento, and the important support that it obtained on behalf of associations and politicians of the whole world one could lograrar Haidar's expatriation.

In the middle of 2006, Morocco refused to him the passport and the right of expatriation of his two children as measurement of pressure.

For útimo, in November of last year, Aminatou Haidar - after landing in the Airport Hassan I of The Aaiún, Western Sahara - it was stopped illegally for 24 hours by the Moroccan police forces. Then it was expelled later towards Lanzarote, Spain.

In the night of December 17, 2009 Haidar returned finally to The Aaiún in a plane medicalizado after 32 days of hunger strike.

Source:

Aminatu Haidar, in Wikipedia

Aminatouhaidar.org

Images:

Photo of Aminatu Haidar in Flickr, of Saharauiak

Aminetu Haidar in the airport of Lanzarote, in Google

SEIKO Ananta: a series that will do history

2009-12-26T19:12:00.001-08:00

From a historical point of view, the appearance of the clock supposed an authentic revolution for the human beings. From this moment they had the aptitude to measure the time which between other things implied that the historical facts could be dated in a precise moment.

Other one of the advantages of being able to measure the time was that the human beings for the first time could plan the work and his actions. Moreover, there were established units of measurement from which it was possible to plan the actions that they had to carry out. This did that the human activity was taking more panache since it was possible to determine the exact time that an action must last.
In the first moment the clocks were big gadgets, giant clocks of sand, sundials, hourglasses (water clocks), but a constant along the history has been that these, the clocks, have been miniaturized. The first bracelet clock arises between the ends of the XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century. This supposed a revolution again in the history of the time since every person could carry a gadget that he was saying to him in that hour of the day was.
The legend there says that the first bracelet clock invented it a governess who had the habit of taking a hanging clock. The only problem is that the clock, when it was appearing to the cradle of the child who was taking care, ends up by striking the baby. From this moment it decided to be placed in the doll.
The first clock of bracelet that was constructed in series, being his completely mechanical functioning, Omega created the Swiss mark in the year 1.900. This clock was provided with a mechanism Lepine. The box was of silver and it had a double joint; the sphere was enameled and the needles were of type pear and of blue color. This model was named 12 lines HN B.
A revolution similar to the one that untied at the beginning of century the mark Omega is on the point of taking place with the series Ananta of SEIKO. This collection exclusive clocks and only within reach of few ones, he is born under a name, which in an ancient oriental language, the Sanskrit one, “the inifinito” means. With this name the mark SEIKO wants to show that this clocks collection has been born to last and to leave an indelible trace inside the history of the watchmaker's. These models, taken care even the most minimal detail, have an avant-garde design that has been inspired in the traditional art of manufacture of the Japanese swords, katanas.
The steely lines, the perfect geometry, the serviceability of use, does of the series Ananta a clock model that, in addition to creating school for what there will be the clocks of the future, of course in some years, we remember that it is a limited edition, they will be treated by worship like authentic relics of what was the history of the watchmaker's in the XXIst century.
Source: Proper making | Image: SEIKO

Historical revision for the Spanish publicity

2009-12-26T13:08:00.001-08:00

The history they can be studied in all the aspects of the everyday life. One can meet a society for his publicities, and can know very much studying which have been more successful to them, and which have marked course.
Sergio Rodriguez has decided to take us to all for a walk along the history of the Spanish publicity in the book Look, compare and if it finds a better book: buy it!. This is a book of informative character in which we can find the images and slogans of those advertizing campaigns that have remained registered in our memory.
Who does not remember the announcement of detergent Columbus with which it plays the title of this book, or of Rodolfo prawn with his famous person “lleváme to house” of Pescanova, or of the Cola-Cao repetidísimo jingle: "I am that negrito …”.
It is not only an announcements book. Perhaps be something more intimate. Because, to the cousin of Zumosol, to the cotton that it does not cheat, to: Is it new? No, washed with Perlán, and to the razor blades Filomatic: that give a pleasure! - it is sure that a moment collaborates, a place, a memory.
Sergio Rodriguez is a young entrepreneur who was born in Nankin (Minorca) in 1973, adoption person from Malaga, at present it resides in Palma where it directs two companies Creaciona and Neimin, the last one dedicated to the creation of nominative marks.
His free moments he dedicates to feeding the project on line on the history of the publicity www.lahistoriadelapublicidad.com that has turned into the principal modality on the topic in the network.

The best questions and answers of History

2009-12-26T07:04:00.001-08:00

Who does not like the questions and the answers? They solve doubts, contribute information, entertain us. And more if there are the famous questions and answers published in the very Interesting legendary magazine. Now a book has gone out published with the best selection.

The questions and the most curious answers of the mythical magazine
of science popularization, assembled in only one book.

Where were the Cossacks living? How were the medieval castles assaulted? What was the first European state that abolished the death penalty? What city was founded in honor to a horse? Were the Teutonic gentlemen German?
These are some of the questions included in the book The best questions and answers of very Interesting, a book endorsed by the trajectory of a mythical magazine of the science popularization as it it is very interesting. The section of questions and answers is one of those of major success of the magazine.
Very Interesting is one of the most well-read magazines and that enjoys major prestige. It is a question of a magazine that you treat topics of publication related to the human being and the nature. Reportages, curiosities, questions and answers are only some of the paragraphs that take decades attracting readership. Nowadays, also he publishes a digital magazine and qualifications specialized for different sectors of the society: Much Novice monk for the youngest of the house and Much History for excited of the history.

Biography of Jesus de Nazaret

2009-12-26T01:00:00.001-08:00

Without doubts Jesus Christ is one of the men that more deeply to influenced in the history of the Humanity. His prestige in life, transformed after his death in the foundation of a new religion, which it extended on the majority of the western world, across the evangelización taken forward by the Catholic Church. To only a few days of the Christmas, commemoration of the birth of the child Jesus, we will revise briefly part of his biography: his years as preacher and spiritual leader.

The biography of Jesus de Nazaret comes to us across the gospels. In this one writing Jesus Christ is described as a pacific man, and removed from the violence typical of the years of the domination of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless his message was difficult. It was opposed to the fulfillment of the Torá that the Pharisees were supporting. Also it was drifting apart from the beliefs of the esenios, removing to the Temple of a central roll in the spiritual life.
Jésus of Nazareth was an ambulant preacher. Juan the Baptist had indicated him like his successor. After avoiding a series of tests of asceticism, his popularity increased and-tambié - the number of his followers. Between these disciples twelve men were shaping the nucleus nearest to Jesus. It was them who today we know like twelve apostles.
Jesus Christ dedicated his youth to preach his beliefs. This way, it covered numerous places of Palestine. It came to Jerusalem only a few days before his death, seemingly in 30 A.D. It had come there to celebrate together with his disciples the Passover.
It is important to remember that the city of Jerusalem was the nucleus of the Jewish religious life. In this context, Jesus's sermon attracted the mistrust of the Jewish religious authorities and of his followers.

On eve of the Passover, Jesus met his apostles in the acquaintance “last dinner”. In her, he predicted before his followers that he should be betrayed by one they. Soon, after the treachery of apostle Judas Iscariote, Jesus was captured by the guards of the supreme priest. The Jewish religious advice – sanedrín - him pled guilty of blasphemy, before Christ's affirmation of which he was the mesías. He was condemned to the death penalty.
The sanedrín could not apply the above mentioned sorrow without the assent of the Roman authorities that – we remember - were dominating the region. It was so the Roman governor of Judea, Poncio Pilato, agreed to execute the sentence that the Jewish authorities determined. Jesus was tortured and soon he was murdered across crucifixion, a method of execution used in Roman times.
After his death, the life and Christ's legacy they received a relevancy as perhaps one had never seen in the history. His disciples reported the miracle of the resurrection. Eleven remaining apostles attended his appearance. In them Jesus ordered them to preach his message. This religious line that was supporting that Jesus de Nazaret was the mesías, did that the Christian beliefs were separating moreover of the Jewish tradition.
Later there developed the Christianity as a new religion, which had a beginning of pursuits and receiving. But only some centuries later there became the official religion of the Roman Empire, reaching his biggest power on having dominated the spirituality of the Medieval Europe and after the “New Continent” after the Discovery of America.

More Information:
The figure of Jesus de Nazaret, in Kalipedia
Jesus de Nazaret, in Google

Images:
Jesus de Nazaret, Mosaic in the ancient Church of Santa Sofía, Istanbul, close to 1280; in Wikipedia
The Last Dinner of Leonardo da Vinci, in Wikipedia

Santos Inocentes

2009-12-19T14:56:00.001-08:00

After a few days of the arrival the Saint Innocents' Day, which is commemorated next December 28, 2009, we proposed to tell them like this nice custom, it occurs of a Biblical history of a tremendous cruelty: the Slaughter of the Innocent persons. A fact that took as protagonists the self-seeker Herodes, King of Judea, and the new-born child Jesus.

The history of Santos Inocentes comes to us across the New Testament of the Christian Bible, in the Gospel of San Mateos. We must be located it does slightly more than 2.000 years, that is to say, in the beginning of the Christian age. Jesus was only a newborn baby.
For then Herodes was reigning in Judea, which was descripto in the writing like a cruel and ambitious man. In the last years of his reign, Herodes received the visit of a few kings who were coming from East. His names were Melchor, Gaspar and Baltasar; to those whom we know as Magi.
Magi were coming to Judea to adore the child who – according to the writing - was the God's Son. Before Herodes they reported that a brilliant star had indicated them the way, and that they were coming to adore the one who would be then the real King of the Jews.

King Herodes, was not knowing who this child was. But yes he knew that – in accordance with the writing - he must have been born in Bethlehem. It arranged, then, the murder of all the children of less than 2 years. With this terrible and cruel massacre he was thinking about how to get rid of the "threat" of the child Jesus.
Clear it is that it did not achieve his target. The child Jesus survived. His parents Maria and José had been warned by an angel of that were in big danger. For this motive, they decided to flee to Egypt.
But in Judea the massacre had triumphed with the life of many children. The Bible reports that the innocent souls of these children rose up to the Sky. In the catholic tradition he reminds them to himself like Santos Inocentes. And on December 28 it is for the Catholic Church the moment to honor them.
Meanwhile, king Herodes lived cheated through a lot of time, believing that it had killed the child Dios. One believes that probably this aspect of the "trick", it was the one that fed the popular tradition of the Saint Innocents' Day of playing pranks and of cheating our friends or familitares.
At present, all on December 28, it is a habit of taking advantage of the "innocence" of those who do not remember what day is this. The Saint Innocents' Day proves the sense of humor of our relatives, and ours is put himself to the test also by force of false news, dampers, gifts of prank and or “loans“ that then are not returned.
Sources:
History of the Day of the Innocent persons, in www.esmas.com
Herodes I, in Wikipedia
Images:
Slaughter of the Innocent persons, in painting of Duccio di Buoninsegna of the XIVth century, in Wikipedia
Virgin Mary, with the child Jesus, San Jose and San Miguel Archangel, painting of Benvenuto Tisi Garofalo, XVIth century, in Google

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2009-12-18T08:20:00.001-08:00

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San Jerónimo, boss of the translators

2009-12-17T13:11:00.001-08:00

We have invited today the Translators' people Dixit so that they speak to us about his boss, San Jerónimo, that is celebrated on September 30.
In the Vth century A.D. Jerónimo de Estridón (own of that time to add the origin place to the name, as we have already commented other times) he translated the Bible into the Latin; till then the alone Christian sacred book was in Greek and in Hebrew, amen of some attempts in Latin, therefore the "Vulgata", which is as in the world one knows to this first translation of the Bible, it served to bring over to the Roman village the Sacred Writing.
Moved forward to his epoch, fruit of one of the best teachers of that time (Donato) and with such a virtue with the Latin and Greek languages, which took him to the study of the Sacred Writing.
This study, more after an atonement that it did not obtain but being a secretary of the Holy Pontiff Dámaso, who was the manager of entrusting the translation of the Sacred Books of the Hebrew and of the Greek to the Latin, since the existing translations up to the epoch were not but incomplete or unconnected works and were not reflecting correctly the interpretation of the Church of this Writing.
In spite of his light knowledge of the Hebrew, one changed Bethlehem, to be able to translate with better results the Sacred Testaments. He learned, then, in the correct interpretation of the Writing and for 23 years (of the year 382 to 405) devoted itself to the translation both of the New one, and of the Ancient Testament.
His translation (the Vulgata) remained current till the end of the XXth Century, where it was published her Vulgata Nongoes in the year 1979 after the Council Vatican II.
Along with San Agustín of Hipona, San Ambrosio of Milan, Great San Gregorio and San Jerónimo they form what is known as the big Latin Parents of the Church and San Jerónimo, the exegeta, par excellence, of the Parents of Occident.
Undoubtedly his small biography that we gather in these lines would not be finished without commenting his last years. After being a scourge of the high social class from his priest's position in Rome, it withdrew from itself Bethlehem, where it happened his last years and founded four convents in Holy Land (one for men and three for women), where they were attending to the pilgrims who were happening for the city to visit the place where Jesus was born.
San Jerónimo was famous for his famous phrases and his writings, like the acquaintance in the world “verbum odd number and verb, be sensum exprimere of sensu” that is to say, “without expressing word for word, but sense for sense” that stopped written in his famous Ad pammachium of ideal it generates interpretandi, one of the most famous phrases used by us, the translators, to present the virtues of our profession opposite to the machine translations that so many moments of humor has given to the partners.
As curious note, although San Jerónimo is the boss of the translators, the boss of the faculties of Translation and Interpretation is Alfonso X The Wise person.
Sources
http://www.zenit.org/article-25361?l=spanish
http://www.zenit.org/article-25449?l=spanish
http://www.es.catholic.net/santoral/articulo.php?id=584

ll Zamenhof

2009-12-14T16:33:00.001-08:00

ll Zamenhof or Lázaro Zamenhof was an ophthalmologist, but especially it is known for being the Esperanto creator of the international language.
He was born in the city called Belostok of that time, of the Russian Empire, today in Poland. ll Zamenhof went to the Białystok school between 1869 and 1873, and from December, 1873 until July, 1879 to the “German Institute” of Warsaw. After two years of study in the faculty of Medicine of Moscow and four in that of Warsaw, it received his doctor's title in the specialty of ophthalmology, which it stopped studying in Vienna (1886).

In accordance with his testimony, already in his infancy in the city of Białystok (that then was part of the Russian Empire, but at present it belongs to Poland, and where there were important communities of Polish, Jewish, Russian, German and Lithuanian), had observed how the differences between the peoples because of the diversity of languages and religions could cause serious conflicts. This motivated him to look for a solution to the problem, and with the step of the years it was developing the Esperanto, in a process that was long and laborious.
It continued with his efforts although in 1879 there should appear the volapük resulted from the work of the priest Johann Martin Schleyer, in the project to create an international language. Zamenhof learned volapük, but the defects of this language motivated him moreover to continue with his plans.
Already in 1887 and with the economic aid of his father-in-law, he managed to publish that a leaflet in which it was exhibiting the beginning of the new language in the Lingvo interwas born. Full Antaŭparolo kaj lernolibro (International language. Preface and finished textbook), with the pseudonym of Doktoro Esperanto (that in Spanish can be translated like Hopeful Doctor). This word later finished with turning into the name of his linguistic creation. This publication is named later an Unua Libro (the First Book).
In five leaflets that appeared respectively in Russian, Polish, French, German and English, and signed with pseudonymic Dr. Esperanto, he submitted his project of “international language“ to the criticism of the experts, with the promise of which, after one year, he would perfect it with the proposed progress. He sent these leaflets to multitude of magazines, gazettes, societies and European newspapers. It put announcements in Russian and Polish newspapers. He used, with her assent, the dowry of his wife to throw, between the years 1888-1889, a finished series of books: Dua Libro [Segundo Libro]; Aldono to Dua Libro [Supplement of the Second Book]; Neĝa blovado [Thunderstorm of snow] and Gefratoj [Brothers], translated for A. Grabowski; the translations of the Second Book and of the Supplement; Rock Vortaro Germana [German Average Dictionary]; Full Vortaro Rusa [Russian Finished Dictionary]; manuals in English and Swedish; Princino Mary [Princess Mary], translated by E. von Wahl; Adresaro [Directory]; and it provided the necessary money to edit the informative works of L. Einstein and H. Phillips. At the end of 1889, in consequence, especially, to so big publishing activity it was completely ruined. From this moment, although the principal engine of the movement kept on being until 1905, the publication depended materially on the economic resources of the first followers.
In 1905 there is celebrated the first Universal Congress of Esperanto (Boulogne-sur-Mer, France), which consolidates the movement, fixes the Declaration of the Esperantismo, where the movement is defined, and there approves the Foundation of Esperanto, that is to say, the fundamental base of the language, which from this moment the essential regulation of the Esperanto is considered and therefore untouchably.
It is possible to read more on the Esperanto in the Wikipedia

Januca: history of a miracle

2009-12-11T09:26:00.001-08:00

One of the most important Judaic festivities is Jánuca, also acquaintance as the “Holiday of the Lights”. This celebration sends – as in so many other religious festivities - to very important historical facts: the victory opposite to the Hellene ones that concluded with the recovery of the independence of the Jewish people and the recovery of the Temple of Jerusalem. We propose to them to investigate this complex history, either be to remember. either be to know slightly more of this rich religion.

The celebration of Jánuca will begin this Friday, December 11, 2009. From this night and for 8 days a time is opened commemoration that will be marked by the presence of the candelabrum or Menorá. The Menorá is the symbol of the “miracle of the candelabrum” in which a minimal oil quantity burned for eight followed days.
The Jánuca history goes back to the time of the Hellenic domination in Israel. This hegemony had begun with the expansion of Macedonia carried out by Alejandro Magno, in 332 to. C. In the IInd century B.C., the arrival to the power of Antíoco IV Epífanes as king of Syria (175 and 164 B.C.), deepens the conflict.
Antíoco IV Epífanes decides helenizar the Jews. That is to say one was thinking about how to implant the customs and Greek beliefs as way of unifying his dominos under the same culture. Antioco dictated decrees against the Jews, prohibiting the practice of the cult; and ordering that to be confiscated and then burned the parchments of the Law.
Under the leadership Yehudá Macabi, a group of Jews – who were called macabeos by his leader - they rebelled against the Greek power. They were opposed to go against his religious beliefs. And they formed legions that – sheltered between the mountains - they were attacking to the Hellenic troops.
When they reached the victory, the macabeos return to Jerusalem and liberate it. The Holy Temple had been profaned. The Menorá of gold (a candelabrum of seven arms) had been stolen. In his place the Macabeos they replaced him by a new Menorá of a less noble metal.
The pure oil of olive needed for the ritual was very scarce, scarcely for only one day. Nevertheless miraculously he stayed lit for eight days. The Jewish people interpreted this event as a sign of that God was giving them his protection again. In commemoration to this miracle, the Jewish tradition celebrates this festivity during eight days of Janucá, like an eternal gratitude that is symbolized in the ignition of the sails of the Menorá.

More Information
The finished history of the Jánuca, in www.es.chabad.org
Jánuca, in Wikipedia

Images:
Menorá, in Google
Menorah proceeding from the synagog of Eshtamua, IIIrd century, in Google

Biography of Platon

2009-12-06T20:21:00.001-08:00

In this opportunity we bring to them the Platón biography, undoubtedly one of the historical personages of the Greece Antigua that more they have come out up to our times. Recognized worldwide like one of the parents of the philosophy, it was much more than a big thinker. He was a man who tried to take to the practice his ideas on a better society. And he was the creator of new ways of transmitting and of encouraging the philosophical thought.

The principal stage in which the Platón biography passes is Athens, the most advanced city the state of the Greece Antigua. There he was born in 427 B.C. His infancy passed in the historical context of last years of splendor of the Athenian democracy (since Pericles had died exactly in 427 B.C.).
In his youth, it saw the terrible war of the Peloponeso – a clash between Sparta and Athens - two cities been more powerful than Greece. At the early age of 21 years, Platón linked to the Sócrates circle, producing a big change to him in his philosophical thought. He shared some years with his teacher. Until Sócrates was condemned to death and died in 399 B.C.
The condemnation undoubtedly caused a deep effect to Sócrates in the young man Platón. It was supporting that the "politics" of Athens could be so ignorant as to condemn to death to Sócrates: "our friend, the best man of those that then we knew and the most intelligent and most just» (Fedón, 118c).
In this context, Platón moved back from the city of Athens together with other Socratic philosophers. In his trips it covered Italy, Sicily, Egypt and Cirene, in search of deepening his ideas. A stage emphasized from his trips was his demurrage in Syracuse governed by the tyrant Dionysius I. There he studied the forms of government, something that would influence later in his work The Republic.
In 387 B.C., Platón returned to Athens, he was already forty years old. There he acquired a gymnasium in an area in the outskirts of Athens. With the time the place was known as an Academy, and it turned into the center of the meetings with his friends and disciples.

The Academy of Platón might be considered to be the first university of Europe. It was – in fact - the first space for the intellectual and political formation of the young people. Most emphasized from all of them he was, without doubts, Aristotle. But for Platón himself it was an epoch of big productivity, in which he wrote some of the works most emphasized from his life: the dialogues Banquet, Fedón, Republic and Fedro.
Between 367 and 361 B.C., a new trip happens in the Platón biography. It returns to Syracuse, with the target to help in the court of Dionysius II, the political reforms inspired by his ideals of restoring a republic. Part of this company VII was reported in the Letter.
Platón dedicated his last years to the philosophy education in the Academy of Athens. He died in 347 to. C, but definitely it went on to the immortality thanks to his legacy for the history of the humanity and to the big influence that it had in the thought of the later centuries.

More Information:
Biography of Platón, in Wikipedia
Biography of Platón, in Kalipedia
Works of Platòn, in Wikisource

Images:
The School of Athens, painting of Rafael Di Sanzio, in Wikipedia
Platón, detail of The School of Athens, of Rafael, in Kalipedia
The Academy of Platón, Mosaic Roman of the Ist century, in Kalipedia

The news that did history in 2009

2009-11-27T13:46:00.001-08:00

Of what is the history done but of the facts of the present? Our present is the future of the future generations. They will study our time, and will write history books by the beginning of the XXIst century with what today we read in the newspapers. That's why, so close to the end of year, we propose to you to revise the happened in the last months, looking for the 10 most important news about 2009, which will do history.

On January 20: Barack Obama takes up office like 44.th president of the United States, being sucesosr of George W. Bush. He is the first African American in the history of the United States in filling the above mentioned vacancy.
On January 31: representatives celebrate in Iraq regional elections to choose in the provincial Legislative Advices with the target to choose later the provincial Governors. There obtains the victory the Islamic Party Dawa of the Prime minister Nuri to the-Maliki.
On February 1: Jóhanna Sigur ardóttir is designated like prime minister of Iceland, directing the temporary coalition government between GRASP and the MIV. She is the lesbian first in reaching the first magistracy in the whole world. Important advance in the struggle of the movements for the equality of rights of the homosexuals.

On April 2: 20 countries meet the most important economies of the world in London. He remembers to form a fund for one trillion dollars as measurement to help to the countries most affected by the economic crisis.
On June 2: There happens one of the most emblematic facts of the current financial crisis: General Motors (till then the second self-propelled one of the world) declares the bankruptcy.
On June 11: the Flu To or influenza H1N1 it advances for the entire world multiplying the number of affected. The WHO (World Organization of the Health) declares six the alert level. Thus the porcine flu turns into the first pandemic of the XXIst century.

On June 12: Mahmud Ahmadineyad is re-elected president of Iran. Big suspicions of electoral fraud arise. Strong popular protests explode in the whole country.
On June 28: Coup d'état in Honduras. Military men arrest the president Manuel Zelaya, who is exiled to Costa Rica. The political community of Latin America joins in his rejection the dictatorship implantanda in the country.
On June 30: in the frame of the safety agreement between the United States and Iraq, one proceeds to the retreat of the North American forces of combat of the Iraqi cities.
On October 28: the General Assembly of the UNO, he condemns the American sequestration against Cuba for 187 affirmative votes, and only 3 in against and 2 abstentions. Little earlier the OEA had raised the exclusion of Cuba of the Organization of the American States.

More Information:
2009 in Wikipedia
Newspaper El Pais
Images
Barbijos to prepare the porcine flu, in Google
American troops in Iraq, in Newspaper Nation
Asunción of Barack Obama, in Wikipedia

Dinosaurs

2009-11-25T07:59:00.001-08:00

In our previous article Epoch of Dinosaurs we were employed the complex topic of the dating, that is to say of the place at the time of the dinosaurs. These wonderful prehistoric species certainly fascinate us to all, but how much we know about them: What is a dinosaur exactly? How are they studied? How much is there of science and all that of imagination in what we know of them? what classes of dinosaurs are there? As always, it is never of any more a small revision.

What is a dinosaur exactly?
The dinosaur classification includes to the reptiles of the period Mesozoico, terrestrial and with straight extremities. Other reptiles with arched paws it was doing out (like crocodiles and lizards) they do not belong to the group of the dinosaurs. That is to say other animals of the Mesozoico as the pterosaurios (flying reptiles) and the plesiosaurios (aquatic reptiles) stay out of this classification.
Bearing in mind these criteria there are considered to be dinosaurs so much to the giant terrestrial reptiles as to others of minor size (the smallest, of the size of a hen). On the contrary to the rest of the reptiles, the dinosaurs had warm blood as birds and mammals.
How is it studied to the dinosaurs?
The essential form to know the life of the dinosaurs is the study of the fossils. The fossils are the remains of animals or plants that have survived in the ground for thousands or million years. The dinosaurs fossils are scarce. To find one can be the fruit of years of excavations or – sometimes - a very lucky coincidence.

One of the biggest problems is that the skeletons fossilized in general are very fragmented. That is to say a few bones, or parts of them. The work of the paleontologists is to reconstruct the dinosaur from these few pieces, a real puzzle.
The study of the dinosaurs complements itself with the information that contribute other types of fossils: the coprolitos (fossilized feces), eggs, nests, and traces (icnitas). These fossils allow to go further away, since they allow to obtain information about the behavior of the dinosaurs: his habits, feeding, reproduction, etc.
How much is there of science and all that of imagination in what we know of the dinosaurs?
The most advanced scientific skills – using the information that the fossils contribute - they are capable of reconstructing with enough precision how the dinosaurs were. Mainly there are used mock-ups and computer programs of simulation and of three-dimensional design.
But in spite of the advances in their study of the dinosaurs, certain aspects there keep on being a puzzler for the scientists, since there are no fossils that contribute information. The showiest example of course is that there are not known both the colors and the textures of the skin of the dinosaurs. That is to say the imágen that we have of his skin is merely hypothetical!
What classes of dinosaurs are there?
Although the scientific classification of the dinosaurs is for the structure of his hip, into informative form it divides by his feeding: herbivores (they eat plants) and carnivora (they eat animals).
Between the herbivores are the dinosaurs of major size. The Brachiosaurus and the Diplodocus, they are famous for his long neck thanks to which they could feed on the top branches of the trees. Other of the dinosaurs hervívoros more acquaintances was the Triceratops called like that by his three horns.
Between the carnivora, we find the most famous of the dinosaurs: the tyrannosaurus or Tyrannosaurus rex of up to 12 m long, some enormous head and teeth of more than 10 cm long as knives. Other carnivora of medium size were the Deinonychus and the Velociraptor: they were measuring approximately 2 meters, there were fast brokers, they were hunting in herd, and were attacking with a big sharp claw.
In addition to these carnivorous dinosaurs, which are the most well-known, there existed much smaller others, little bigger than hens. They were surviving hunting small preys or feeding on carrion (dead animals).
More Information:
Dinosaurs, in Kalipedia
Dinosaurs, in Wikipedia
Images:
Enlightenment of Braquiosaurios, in Google
Fossils in an excavation, in Google
Enlightenment of a tyrannosaurus, in Google

Dinosaurs: how much do we know about them?

2009-11-25T01:22:00.001-08:00

In our previous article Epoch of Dinosaurs we were employed the complex topic of the dating, that is to say of the place at the time of the dinosaurs. These wonderful prehistoric species certainly fascinate us to all, but how much we know about them: What is a dinosaur exactly? How are they studied? How much is there of science and all that of imagination in what we know of them? what classes of dinosaurs are there? As always, it is never of any more a small revision.

What is a dinosaur exactly?
The dinosaur classification includes to the reptiles of the period Mesozoico, terrestrial and with straight extremities. Other reptiles with arched paws it was doing out (like crocodiles and lizards) they do not belong to the group of the dinosaurs. That is to say other animals of the Mesozoico as the pterosaurios (flying reptiles) and the plesiosaurios (aquatic reptiles) stay out of this classification.
Bearing in mind these criteria there are considered to be dinosaurs so much to the giant terrestrial reptiles as to others of minor size (the smallest, of the size of a hen). On the contrary to the rest of the reptiles, the dinosaurs had warm blood as birds and mammals.
How is it studied to the dinosaurs?
The essential form to know the life of the dinosaurs is the study of the fossils. The fossils are the remains of animals or plants that have survived in the ground for thousands or million years. The dinosaurs fossils are scarce. To find one can be the fruit of years of excavations or – sometimes - a very lucky coincidence.

One of the biggest problems is that the skeletons fossilized in general are very fragmented. That is to say a few bones, or parts of them. The work of the paleontologists is to reconstruct the dinosaur from these few pieces, a real puzzle.
The study of the dinosaurs complements itself with the information that contribute other types of fossils: the coprolitos (fossilized feces), eggs, nests, and traces (icnitas). These fossils allow to go further away, since they allow to obtain information about the behavior of the dinosaurs: his habits, feeding, reproduction, etc.
How much is there of science and all that of imagination in what we know of the dinosaurs?
The most advanced scientific skills – using the information that the fossils contribute - they are capable of reconstructing with enough precision how the dinosaurs were. Mainly there are used mock-ups and computer programs of simulation and of three-dimensional design.
But in spite of the advances in their study of the dinosaurs, certain aspects there keep on being a puzzler for the scientists, since there are no fossils that contribute information. The showiest example of course is that there are not known both the colors and the textures of the skin of the dinosaurs. That is to say the imágen that we have of his skin is merely hypothetical!
What classes of dinosaurs are there?
Although the scientific classification of the dinosaurs is for the structure of his hip, into informative form it divides by his feeding: herbivores (they eat plants) and carnivora (they eat animals).
Between the herbivores are the dinosaurs of major size. The Brachiosaurus and the Diplodocus, they are famous for his long neck thanks to which they could feed on the top branches of the trees. Other of the dinosaurs hervívoros more acquaintances was the Triceratops called like that by his three horns.
Between the carnivora, we find the most famous of the dinosaurs: the tyrannosaurus or Tyrannosaurus rex of up to 12 m long, some enormous head and teeth of more than 10 cm long as knives. Other carnivora of medium size were the Deinonychus and the Velociraptor: they were measuring approximately 2 meters, there were fast brokers, they were hunting in herd, and were attacking with a big sharp claw.
In addition to these carnivorous dinosaurs, which are the most well-known, there existed much smaller others, little bigger than hens. They were surviving hunting small preys or feeding on carrion (dead animals).
More Information:
Dinosaurs, in Kalipedia
Dinosaurs, in Wikipedia
Images:
Enlightenment of Braquiosaurios, in Google
Fossils in an excavation, in Google
Enlightenment of a tyrannosaurus, in Google

The “Cosmic Year”, the best tool to understand the remote History

2009-11-24T19:18:00.001-08:00

When we speak about dinosaurs, about the history of the life in the Earth, or of the evolution of the man we allude to time quantities much but very big. So big that us very difficult comprehension is the dimension that these periods have. That's why I propose to you to realize a very interesting exercise that the head will open to you to interpret in depth the long time.

The best way of understanding these numbers of so big years was designed by the scientist Carl Sagan. Across book The dragons of the Eden and of the series of television Cosmos, sifundió the called “cosmic year”. The exercise is very simple: we compare the evolution of the universe with one year.

This way, what Sagan proposes to us it is to think that on January 1 at 00 a.m. of the Cosmic Year it corresponds to the origin of the universe: Big Bang (15.000 million years behind). And last second of December 31 is the current moment. Then, simply what is done is to extract equivalence and to put date to the principal moments and historical facts.
According to the Cosmic Year, our galaxy - the Milk Route - arose on May 1 and the Solar system newly on September 9. The planet Earth appears a little later, on September 14. The life in the Earth begins on October 2. Slightly much impactante, since it means that in 3/4 you depart from the history of the universe there did not exist life (or at least not of that we have evidences).

If the first living organisms - the bacteria - inhabit the planet Earth from the beginning of October, the dinosaurs – for example - turn out to be great later: on December 24. The extensive epoch of the dinosaurs (approximately 160 million years) only lasted from December 24 until December 28 of the Cosmic Year.
Now then, the most distant ancestors of the human species newly appear in the Cosmic Calendar of Sagan on December 31, at 22:30 hs. The hundreds of thousands of years of evolution of the man diminish to a few minutes of the Cosmic Year. The history of the humanity (from 3.000 B.C.) is compressed in only 10 seconds!!
This impactante exercise leaves an important conclusion to us: the human beings only we take scarcely a few brief moments in the enormous history of the life on our planet … and to speak about that of the universe!!! For think, not …?

Sources:
Scales of the geologic time, in Kalipedia
Cosmic year, in Wikipedia
Images:
Cosmic calendar, in Google
Video:
Series Cosmos, Carl Sagan in Youtube

Biography of Mozart

2009-11-24T13:15:00.001-08:00

There are few persons of those that it is possible to say: “Hello mister Música!”: Mozart is one of them. Today we will tackle the biography of Mozart, musician of the XVIIIth century who was already executing and composing music at the age of four and it was invited the nine by kings and noblemen they surprised. The wonderful and only being.

His real name was Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He was born on January 27, 1756 in the Austrian city of Salzburg. With only four years he amazed in the gatherings of his hearth.
His parents were Leopold Mozart and Anne Maria Pertl Pertl, who supported completely the whiz kid in the vocational development. His precociousness soon turned them into itinerant musician, dazzling the aristocracy and the European royalty with proper compositions executed with mastery.
His comeback to Salzburg was triumphal. The city took Mozart as own and hired for musicalizar the local festivities. But soon it noticed the low wages that they were assigning to him. For worse, on having died, the archbishop Segismundo de Schrattenbach, his protector, took his place count - prince Hyeronimus Colloredo, authoritarian and rigid personage who will do the impossible life to him.
Mozart traveled several times round Italy, visiting Rome, Florence, and other wild Indians of the peninsular art. This there influenced substantially the symphonies, overtures and the opera Lucio Silla who there creates. In the last one an approach is revealed to the romanticism of the literary movement Sturm und Drang (in Spanish “thunderstorm and impetus”).
Mozart touching the clavichord and Thomas Linley (of the same age) the violin, during his stay in Florence in 1770.
In one of his so many European trips his mother dies while he was accompanying (1778). The anxiety of the duel must live through it in the entire suspense state opposite to his economic situation. None of the courts and personalities that they were acclaiming to him, they were offering him fees worthy of his skill, as the proud composer was estimating.
In this stage of his life, Mozart pawned some of his things to pay personal debts. To make matters worse - and this will be a significant note in the biography of Mozart - Colloredo, his employer in Salzburg, was treating it as to one more in his servants' court. He ended up by throwing it with a kick in the bottom given by one of his assistants.
Mozart decided being of that time a Viennese musician, and his rebelliousness introduces what many will imitate later: not to depend on a patron or boss. It was running 1781, was telling only with twenty-five years, and was had himself as the only support. Once in Vienna, it stayed at the second apartment of the family Weber, which had known in previous trips.
To live it dictated classes for some noblemen, and offered concerts and operas that were, undoubtedly, the most significant source of his resources. The familiar ambience was making him happy, especially the daughters of the lady, which derived in his infatuation of Constance Weber. It is necessary to emphasize that, in these Viennese years it developed his most important works.
In effect, Mozart there wrote The abduction of the Harem, work with part of the recited and not sung text, like the operetta in Spain. Also the symphonies that go from the number 36, Symphony of Linz, up to the final trilogy, which takes the numbers 39, 40 and 41, done in the summer 1788.
In the works of Mozart there already sees a considered expressive intensity one more advance of the romantic spirit that he will emphasize between the composers of the following century. Also there writes Don Juan and The magic flute, in whose presentations the popular success is repeated.
There will face to his ascending prestige Antonio Salieri, enemy of Mozart, to whom a history never proved poisoning assumes, also. The rivalry is proved, slightly understandably between two musicians who were competing for the favors of the imperial court.
Better his friend turned out to be Joseph Haydn, “dad Haydn” for Mozart, whose “Russian quartets of rope” inspired him for the creation of a series of six that he dedicates to that one. It prepared concerts for piano, violin, horn, clarinet and others, making seated the bases of the classic style of composition.
In fact, in another fundamental mark of the biography of Mozart, in Vienna there writes fourteen of twenty-three concerts who dedicated to the keyboard in all his life.
While he enjoyed this recognition of the Viennese, it tackled the Mass of Réquiem, entrusted by count Franz de Walsegg to exhibit it like proper. Hurt by the circumstances of the order, the musician imagined that the matter of the Réquiem is its own end and that it has been poisoned.
With the head rested on the wall of his room and the manuscript score of the unfinished Réquiem on the bed, the death it reaches it on December 5, 1791. Mozart was thirty five years old, and was leaving more than six hundred works to us …
More Information:
Biography of Mozart, in Wikipedia
Biography of Mozart, in Kalipedia
Images, in Wikipedia

Epoch of dinosaurs

2009-11-18T20:52:00.001-08:00

The dinosaurs populated the planet Earth for approximately 160 million years, a time so big that it turns out to be very difficult to understand to us. We propose to you to think about how to understand together the magnitude of the past of the dinosaurs. And then – in our next article - to revise the most important information about they.

The dinosaurs existed and became extinct a lot of time before the emergence of the human species. That's why I motivate, his study does not correspond to the history (that he studies the human societies), but to the science of the Paleontology.
Epochs in which the dinosaurs existed
The dinosaurs lived in the Earth for more than 180 million years. A truly impressive number, bearing in mind that the first human beings arose 2,5 million years ago. Since they will see there are really very big time quantities. To understand better the ideal thing it is to know the exercise of the Cosmic Year, which will turn out to be easy and entertaining to you.
Period Triásico del Mesozoico
It goes from 251 to 199 million years behind. In the period triásico it begins “it was of the reptiles”, over which the called "pseudomammalian" reptiles were predominating. Later there appear the first specimens of dinosaurs and other reptiles of big size. While they evolve, the dinosaurs begin to dominate all the ecosystems of the Earth.

In that period the planet Earth was formed by a continent only one called Pangea, which then split to give birth to the current continents. This is what he explains that dinosaurs fossils should have been all over the world.
Jurassic period of the Mesozoico
It gives itself from 199 to 145 million years behind. This was the period of climax of the dinosaurs. In this moment there appear the first species of his future successors: the birds and the mammals. The most primitive plants appear also in this moment with flowers.
In this moment Pangea - the continent only one - begins his division process. This allows in different continent, certain species to evolve in different form.

Cretaceous period of the Mesozoico
It includes from 145 to 65 million years behind. It is the epoch of the famous tyrannosauruses. At the end of this period there took place a catastrophe that provoked important changes in the planet. The scientific studies endorse the theory of a gigantic meteorite that fell down in the area of the Gulf of Mexico. This one would have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs and of many other species.

More Information:
Scales of the geologic time, in Kalipedia
Dinosaurs, in Wikipedia
Images:
Dinosaurs in the shades, in Google
Fossil found in Alberta (Canada), in Google
Death of Dinosaurs, in Google

Biography of Obama

2009-11-18T02:15:00.001-08:00

Today we will do a brief synthesis of the biography of Barack Obama, the current president of the close States of America. A man who has gone down in history like the first afromericano in turning into American president. Also, very recently it was rewarded by the Nobel Prize of the Peace. Without doubts, an outstanding personality in the international politics. Is here then this small introduction to the life of Barack Obama.

Barack Obama swears like President of the United States
He was born in Honolulu (Hawaii) on August 4, 1961. His finished name is Barack Hussein Obama II and at present it has 48 years of age. He is married with Michelle Robinson (whom we know as Michelle Obama) with who it had two daughters: Malia Ann and Natasha.
Barack Obama realized his studies in the University of Columbia and in the esc smell of Right of Harvard. In his performance since lawyer realized community works, he practised in the ambience of the civil rights and he was a university teacher.
The first charge of relevancy of Barack Obama went in the Term of the State of Illinois, from 1997 until 2004. In 2005 it managed to join the Senate of the United States like representative of the state of Illinois, being a representative of the minority of the democratic party.
In 109 ° congress of the United States, Barack Obama realized important works as senator. He was a sponsor of the law for the control of conventional weapon. He promoted the public control of the federal funds.
While during the 110th Congress, Barack Obama defended the laws linked with the lobbies and with the prevention of the electoral fraud. It dealt with the ecology concientizando on the global warming. Also trabaj ò in questions related to the nuclear terrorism and to the assistance to the taking part soldiers of the campaigns of Iraq and Afghanistan.
On February 10, 2007 Barack Obama threw his candidacy to the presidency. After conquering in the interns of the Democratic party Hillary Clinton, he devoted himself directly to the electoral campaign.
The point cúlmine of the biography of Barack Obama probably is his victory in the presidential elections of November 4, 2008, opposite to the republican candidate John McCain. His assumption as president of the United States of America was January 20, 2009. Joseph Biden took up office along with him like vice-president.
From the work of Barack Obama like president of the United States it is necessary to emphasize briefly some aspects. In his first days of government it demonstrated that his politics was going to drift apart from that of his predecessor, George W. Bush.

Obama along with the ex-presidents of the United States
For example, Barack Obama asked the American army who prepares a plan to evacuate of Iraq the American troops. It established that at the latest in 2010 there had to close the center of detention of Guantanamo, re-seeing all the processes of the arrested there.
In the frame of the public health, Obama impelled a law to offer medical coverage to four million children without insurance. In turn, it presented in the congress a proposal of sanitary reform so that all the Americans have medical coverage.
On the subject of economy, Barack Obama should have confronted the crisis inherited from the government of George Bush. On February 17, 2009, the president signed the Law of Economic Stimulus, which was approved then by the Congress.
The Law of Economic Stimulus destines 787.000 million dollars for investment in public health, education, urban infrastructure, and energy. Also the plan of financial rescue includes tributary exemptions, fiscal stimuli and direct assistance to the individuals.
Other of the most important moments of the biography of Barack Obama was October 9, 2009, on having received the Nobel Prize of the Peace as recognition to his diplomatic efforts after the nuclear disarmament.

More Information:
Biography of Barack Obama, in Wikipedia
Official place of the President Barack Obama

Images in Wikipedia

Biography of Isaac Newton

2009-11-13T13:08:00.001-08:00

Isaac Newton is inside the most important scientists of the history. His theories and discoveries one crashed hard, creating a new way of comprising the phenomena of the nature. That's why the fact is that we think that Newton has been – for his contribution to the science - a historical personage of big relevancy in the deep social changes that happened in the Modernity. We propose a brief revision to them for his work and his life.

The biography of Isaac Newton begins with his birth in Woolsthorpe (Lincolnshire, England) on January 4, 1643. His first studies were realized in Trinity College of Cambridge. There it contacted the works of important scientists, who would serve to him as base for his future works.
In his career as scientist many were the realized contributions and in different fields: optics, mathematics, physics. But undoubtedly the biggest and the most well-known was his work Philosophiae naturalis it begins mathematica. In the Principia – as one knows to the work - Newton it establishes the bases of the Classic Mechanics across Three Laws of the Dynamics.
These Laws of the Dynamics are called also “Newton's laws”. His importance resides in that across her one managed to explain the movement of the bodies, his effects and his causes. The Newton's first law is “The Beginning of the Inertia”. The second one of them is the “law of the interaction and the force”. While Newton's Third Law is the “law of action - reaction”.
Also in his work Principia, Isaac Newton one of the concepts developed keys of the modern physics: the law of universal gravitation, more known as gravity law. The law supports that the gravitational force between two bodies (for example the Earth and the Moon) is related to the mass and the distance between themselves of the bodies. With this scientific postulate, Newton was capable of giving explanation to the observable physical phenomena in the universe.

In his studies on optics, Newton demonstrated that the white light was in fact the conjunction of a band of colors. The demonstration is the famous experiment in which the light makes pass for a prism. Also, in his general theory on the light it determined that this one is formed by particles, and that the trajectory in which it propagates is a straight line.
Isaac Newton realized also important scientific contributions in other fields of the knowledge. It developed the law of thermal conduction, realized studies on the speed of the sound, created a theory on the origin of the stars. In mathematics, Newton developed the theorem of the binomial, and - together with Leibniz - the integral and distinguishing calculus.
Isaac Newton died in London in 1727. Following his biography and his enormous trajectory like scientist (with contributions that gave a real draft to the science) is possible to understand why many people consider him to be the biggest scientist of the history and - to his work Philosophiae naturalis it begins mathematica - the point cúlmine of the scientific Revolution.

More Information:
Isaac Newton in Kalipedia
Isaac Newton in Wikipedia
Images:
Newton's painting studying the light, in Kalipedia
Portrait of Isaac Newton, in Wikipedia
It begins of Newton, in Wikipedia

The Wall of Berlin, the history of his fall

2009-11-10T01:21:00.001-08:00

In the day of the commemoration of 20 years of the fall of the Wall of Berlin, we keep on revising the stage of the division of Germany. In our previous article The Division of Germany, the antechamber of the Wall of Berlin, we saw how the agreement between the allied countries broke quickly. It had finished the Second World war but a new conflict was born: the Cold War.

Wall of Berlin in 1986
The Cold War was the conflict that broke loose in the second half of the XXth century between the United States (leader of the capitalist world) and the Soviet Union (leader of the socialistic world). For 1949, the dispute about the topic of the Division of Germany was extending the differences.
The German DR (Socialist) and the German Federal Republic (capitalist) had very different political and economic systems. This was provoking a difficult coexistence in divided city of Berlin. The border was hard guarded by the army.
Nevertheless many settlers of Oriental Berlin were trying to deceive the control panel to emigrate to Western Berlin. Immediately after this, the border every time was becoming more rigid: guards, fences, documents, special permissions. Nevertheless, some of them were managing to emigrate in clandestine form.

Interior of the Wall of Berlin
The German DR implemented a measurement truly impactante. In 1961, it raised – in only one night - the Wall of Berlin. A wall of 120km of length, which was dividing Oriental Berlin of Western Berlin. A complex system of defense that was combining a mass of cement, automatic guns, towers of alertness, barbed wires, alarms and trenches.
Between 1961 and 1989 the Wall of Berlin was the manager of dividing two completely different realities. Nevertheless there were those who achieved the more and more dangerous escape. In almost three decades, about 5000 persons achieved it of the most incredible and risky forms. But many of them – it is anticipated that approximately 200 persons - died on having tried it.
Towards ends of the 80s the socialistic system was facing a serious crisis. In East Germany, every time the popular protests were more important against the restrictions that the RDA was imposing on his population. In 1989, before the increasing pressures, the leaders of East Germany tried a partial opening.

Showing on the Wall of Berlin, on November 10, 1989
But this did not cause but any more pressure and dissatisfaction. Finally, on November 9, 1989 oficializó the elimination of the restrictions for the exit of the oriental Germans. On having known the news, massively the people came to the frontier steps that were connecting Oriental Berlin and Western Berlin, demanding to go on to another side.
There, another multitude was waiting. That of the western Germans who were waiting for the meeting with his compatriots. Perhaps relatives missed per decades, old friendly or simply unknown, joined for the desire to see a Berlin unified. When the doors were opened, they were the same Berliners those who destroyed the wall with their own hands. With the fall of the Wall of Berlin, there was falling down also the big symbol of the Cold War.

Part 1: The Division of Germany
Part 2: The Wall of Berlin.

More Information:
Wall of Berlin in Wikipedia
Holiday of the Freedom in Germany, to 20 years of the Fall of the Wall of Berlin, in Locuraviajes.com
Calendar of commemorative activities

Images:
Interior of the Wall of Berlin, Sitomon in Flickr;
Showing on the Wall, on November 10, 1989, in Germany Tourism
Wall of Berlin in 1986, in Wikipedia

The Division of Germany, the antechamber of the Wall of Berlin

2009-11-09T16:19:00.001-08:00

In sobrehistoria.com we could not allow to spend such an important efeméride of the world history like that of today. In the night and dawn of November 9, 1989, there was breaking the border that was dividing in two the capital of Germany: it was the unforgettable fall of the Wall of Berlin. We bring to them here two articles with a brief revision of the history of the Division of Germany and of the Wall of Berlin. To keep fresh the memory of such a nearby past.

Map of the Division of Germany in 1948-1949
Since of course we all know, the Wall of Berlin was the clearest physical expression of the division of Germany. And simultaneously a very powerful symbol. The historical context that explains his existence goes back at the end of the Second World war.
Let's remember that in 1945, Germany was occupied by the victorious allied troops. Turned into a war booty, the country was distributed between Great Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union. The city of Berlin, the capital of Germany, which had remained understood in the territory of the USSR, also it was divided in four.

Checkpoint Charlie, frontier step between Oriental Berlin and Western Berlin
Soon, the USA, France and Great Britain fused his territories in the Federal Republic of Germany (RFA or West Germany). The Soviet Union reacted creating in 1949 the German DR (RDA or East Germany). The city of Berlin was blocked, but the West Germany solved it installing an air bridge that was supporting the communication between Western Berlin and the rest of the West Germany.
A very little time, after having being allied in the Second World war, there were becoming clear the difficulties of supporting the alliance in postwar period times. A period of big complexity was opened in the history of Germany. With a country fractured in governments and very different political systems. In the break they were staying divided life of the German people, entire families and friends.

Part 1: the Division of Germany
Part 2: the Wall of Berlin.

More Information:
Separation of Germany, in Wikipedia
Germany commemorates 20 years of the fall of the Wall of Berlin, in Trips of Europe

Images:
Map of the Division of Germany in 1948-1949, in Wikipedia
Checkpoint Charlie, frontier step between Oriental Berlin and Western Berlin, in Tourism in Germany

Independence of Mexico: the campaign of them Reside

2009-11-07T05:28:00.001-08:00

We keep on remembering the long long journey of the people of Mexico in his struggle for the independence. In our previous article we saw as there began the process of the Independence of Mexico, under the influence Miguel Hidalgo, a central historical personage in the history of Mexico. I propose to them now to keep on analyzing a new stage of the war, with José Maria Morelos as leader. A way that will lead to the Declaration of the Independence of Mexico, on November 6, 1813.

In the middle of 1811, the pro-independence revolution was in a critical moment. His principal leaders had been murdered. The troops of Allende and Nobleman were practically incoherent. The realists were becoming stronger under the Alley control. But the history was still to give one I overturn transcendentally.
The second stage of the War of the Mexican Independence is characterized by extensive struggles in the South of the territory. There the forces were commanded from the beginnings of the war by José Maria Morelos. As Nobleman, them Reside it was a priest. Other important revolutionaries were fighting along with him: Mariano Matamoros, Manuel Mier y Terán, Hermenegildo Galeana, Nicolás Bravo, Guadalupe Victoria and Vicente Guerrero.
The troops of them Reside they had a regular size. Nevertheless they achieved important conquests in the south of New Spain: Chilpancingo, Tixtla, Chilapa, Taxco, Izúcar and Cuautla. The luck changed for them Reside, when he suffered in 1812 the Cuautla place, for two months and a half. Nevertheless, the revolutionaries could escape, and went towards Acapulco.

Already in the middle of 1813, the revolutionary forces of them Reside they were dominating big part of the commissariats of Mexico, Oaxaca and It populates. This granted him military authority and supported. Then, them Reside, it gave impulse to the question of the political plan of the revolution: to achieve the Independence of Mexico.

Part 1: Independence of Mexico: the Nobleman's Campaign
Part 2: Independence of Mexico: the Campaign of them Reside
Part 3: The Declaration of the Independence.

More Information:
San Miguel Guide
Mexican independence, in Kalipedia
Independence of Mexico, in Wikipedia
Images:
Portrait of José Maria Morelos, in Wikipedia
Campaña of them Reside, in Wikipedia

The Declaration of Independence of Mexico

2009-11-06T19:50:00.001-08:00

Since we have seen previously, the Independence of Mexico was not the only event, but a long historical process, which took several years and involved many important personages of the history of Mexico. In the first moment the revolutionary struggle was led by Nobleman and, to his death, for them Reside. It was exactly them Reside the one who led to the pro-independence movement beyond the weapon. It was the propellent of the Declaration of the Independence of Mexico. Let's know, since the ideas of them Reside and his country project.

One of the first institutions created by the pro-independence movement was the Supreme Governmental Meeting of America. His creator was Ignacio López Rayón. The work of the Supreme Meeting began in August, 1811, in Zitácuaro. Thanks to the formation of this Meeting it was achieved that the nucleus of the first uprising was staying close.
Nevertheless, the principal target of the Supreme Governmental Meeting of America (to promulgate a Constitution) failed. And the institution ended up by dissolving in 1813, evicted by the realistic Alley troops.
In the intern of the revolution, López Rayón and them Reside they were supporting different projects for the new nation. López Rayón was thinking that the sovereignty was residing in the king and, therefore, he was thinking about how to restore a monarchy. On the contrary, them Reside it was supporting that the people was the treasurer of the sovereignty, was pointing that Mexico was a democracy.
Following his democratic ideas, them Reside it threw a call so that they were elected deputies to install a Congress. Two deputies were elect for popular vote and six were named like representatives of the “oppressed part of the nation”. It there were joining the members of the Meeting of Zitácuaro.
The Congress of Anáhuac or Congress of Chilpancingo initiated his activity on September 14, 1813. This new institution substituted for the dissolved Zitácuaro meeting.
After the Congress be inaugurated, them Reside it pronounced the famous document called Feelings of the Nation. In this speech the leader of the revolution defends the importance that the Human rights and the Freedom have in a nation. This message had a big aftereffect, by what it is considered to be the first precedent of the Political Constitution of the Mexican United States.
Few ones later, on November 6, 1813 (exactly 196 years ago) the Congress of Anáhuac did the Declaration of Independence, which was breaking with three centuries of colonial domination. The Congress signed the Solemn Record of the Declaration of Independence of the North America, written by Carlos Maria de Bustamante. The Declaration of Independence was supporting that North America:

“it has recovered the usurped exercise of his sovereignty; that in such a concept remains broken forever and dissolved the dependency on the Spanish throne; that is an umpire to establish the laws that are convenient for him, for the best arrangement and interior happiness: to do the war and the peace and to establish relate with the monarches and republics”.

The deputies of the Congress of Anáhuac named to them Reside for the executive government with the title of the most Serene “Height“, but for request of the same one them Reside there was chosen that of “Serf of the Nation”.
On October 22, 1814, the constitutional Decree published the Congress of Anáhuac in Apatzingán for the freedom of the Mexican America. It was established in him that the government would be shaped by a triumvirate. It was integrated by José Maria Morelos, José Maria Liceaga, José Maria Cos.
After this important event in the Mexican history, the revolution entered again a critical period. The realists achieved a series of strategic victories.
The Congress should have fled to avoid to be captured. While it was fighting against the Spanish army to protect to the Congress, them Reside it was caught. After having being degraded, they excommunicated it and finally it was shot on December 22, 1815.
Them reside it was finding for his life an ending similar to that of Nobleman, another big commander of the first stages of the struggle for the Independence of Mexico. But undoubtedly, his action and his legacy lasted, continued by those who supported the struggle for the definitive expulsion of the Spanish of the North America. Something that the Mexican people would take one more decade in managing.

Part 1: Independence of Mexico: the Nobleman's Campaign
Part 2: Independence of Mexico: the Campaign of them Reside
Part 3: The Declaration of the Independence.

More Information:
San Miguel Guide
Mexican independence, in Kalipedia
Independence of Mexico, in Wikipedia

Images:
Congress of Anahuac, in Wikipedia
Engraving of the XIXth century that commemorates the struggle for the Independence of Mexico, in Kalipedia
I deliver a judgment for the freedom of the Mexican America, in Kalipedia

Independence of Mexico: the Nobleman's campaign

2009-11-04T18:15:00.001-08:00

The long process of the struggle by the Independence of Mexico was tied – as in other parts of hispanoamérica - with the events of Spain. In 1810 the last Spanish resistance forces were conquered to the French invaders. The absence of a “Legitimate king" in Spain made way to the conspiracies of the Mexican Creoles who some time ago wanted to stop being a colony.

In Querétaro a group of attorneys, military men of the colonial army and small merchants – acquaintances as the “conspirators of Querétaro” - were planning an uprising. The situation rushed when they were discovered.
The priest Hidalgo – one of the conspirators - called the people of Pains to rise up in arms in search of the independence. Nobleman pronounced the famous harangues: "the virgin of Guadeloupe lives!: Fernando VII lives: and the bad government dies!”. This historical fact is known like the “Scream of Pains”, with the comenzaba the long struggle for the Independence of Mexico.
The Revolution spread quickly over other areas of Mexico, where there were taking place raisings similar to that of Pains. In the south of the country, for example, a responsible for insurrection receives relevancy religious other, José Maria Morelos, who would be then a key piece in the pro-independence movement.

The first stages of the armed struggle favored to the revolutionary troops responsible for Nobleman and Allende. They took San Miguel and Celaya. Then, they took the Granaditas corn exchange, in Guajanato, in his first formal battle against the realistic army.
Later they spoke to the cardinal city. On October 30, 1810, the revolutionaries won in the battle of the Mount of the Crosses. Nevertheless, for strategic questions they decided not to occupy the city of Mexico. Then, the leaders separate, Allende goes to Guanajuato and Nobleman to Guadalajara.
In Guadalajara, Nobleman organized the first revolutionary government, of which he would be the maximum leader. It named like his ministers Ignacio López Rayón (of the State) and José Ma. Boy (Grace and Justice). The first actions of government were: an agrarian reform that was postulating the proprietary natives of the ground, the suppression of the taxes and the declaration of the freedom of the slaves.
The realistic offensive was gaining power, under the Alley control. For this motive the Nobleman's troops took north course. In Bridge of Caldron, they suffered a big defeat to hands of the men of Alley. The Nobleman forces were devastated.
The leaders insurgents fled. But they were betrayed and caught in Acatita de Baján. Nobleman, Allende, Aldama and Jiménez were convicted to be shot. Once dead persons decapitated them and exhibited his heads. The death of the revolutionary commanders marked the end of the first phase of the struggle for the independence.
Part 1: Independence of Mexico: the Nobleman's Campaign
Part 2: Independence of Mexico: the Campaign of them Reside and the Declaration of the Independence.

More Information:
San Miguel Guide
Mexican independence, in Kalipedia
Independence of Mexico, in Wikipedia

Images:
Painting, Nobleman and Allende crown the Homeland, in Kalipedia
Map of the Nobleman's campaign, in Wikipedia
Mural, Nobleman decapitated, in corn exchange of Granaditas, in Wikipedia

War of Spanish Succession

2009-11-04T01:15:00.001-08:00

We are in a new anniversary of one of the historical processes that marked part of the history of Spain and of Europe: the War of Spanish Succession. It does slightly more than three centuries, November 1, 1700, there was dying Carlos II (last king Habsburgo) and heir to the throne did not stop. This historical fact untied a dynastic war between the European potency and a civil war in Spanish territory. Finished the War of Spanish Succession, a new power map was established in the Europe of the XVIIIth century.

Battle of Almansa, War of Spanish Succession
Entering in the XVIIIth century, the death of the king of Spain Carlos II of the house of Hapsburg, it was imminent. The poseciones of the Spanish Empire were the widest: the territories of Spain, the American Colonies, Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan and the Netherlands.
The vacant throne had two candidates, both married sisters of Carlos II. One was Luis XIV, king of France of the house Borbón. His intention was that the Spanish throne is occupied by his grandson: the Duke of Anjou (Felipe V). On the other hand, candidate was the Austrian Emperor, Leopoldo I, who was wishing the Spanish Crown for his son Carlos.
The testament of Carlos II the Bewitched one was designating like King the French candidate, Felipe de Borbón. Obviously, Leopoldo I – another candidate - was opposed. Other European countries saw this like a possible threat. They were afraid that after there joined the kingdoms of France and Spain the too powerful state was forming, and the “European balance” was breaking.

Soon there formed an antiFrench coalition integrated by England, the German Empire, Holland, Denmark, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy.
On having begun the War of Spanish Succession, the results were favorable to France. But then comezaron the reverses: England took Gibraltar and the Austrians joined Catalonia and then Madrid.
Carlos II Rey of Spain
An important draft during the War of Spanish Succession happened after there died the Austrian Emperor José I (successor of Leopoldo I). The Austrian heir to the throne was Carlos crowned like Carlos VI. This put in check the politics of England of the “European balance”. Because if Carlos also was gaining access to the throne of Spain, the house of Hapsburg would be too powerful.
In this new international context, England propitiated the signature of an agreement that was giving end to the War of Spanish Succession. Felipe V was recognized like King of Spain. In return, it had to abstain from occupying the throne of France, and resign the poseciones of Sicily, the Netherlands, Milan, Sardinia and Naples. With the signature of the agreement of Utrech and Rastatt more beneficiaries were the Englishmen.
Felipe V, King of Spain
After the War of Spanish Succession, the politics of the “European balance” (that was pointing over that no potency of Europe had to predominate on the others) would be the biggest worry of the leaders until the XXth century.

Sources:
Artehistoria.com
Counsel. Illustrated Thematic encyclopedia, vol III. Madrid, 1986.
War of the Spanish Succession in Wikipedia
Images:
in Wikipedia

Human rights

2009-11-02T12:51:00.001-08:00

The Human rights have a short life as regards the history of the humanity. His birth is tied hard to the bourgeois revolutions of the XVIIIth century, like the French Revolution or the Independence of the United States. Then they have been spreading, thanks to the advance of the democracy and of the struggles sociaes. Nowadays many human rights have been included in constitutions and laws of many countries. But very far we are of that they are respected universally.

When we speak about Human rights we refer to a series of elementary requirements that guarantee to any person a worthy life. All the human rights have three characteristics: they are universal, priority, unnegotiable and innalienables. Let's see that each of these aspects means.
The Human rights are Universal: this means that all the persons enjoy these rights than without exception. That is to say there does not matter his nationality, religion, ethnic group, sex, age, economic situation, political opinions, etc.
The Human rights are Priority: that is to say if a fundamental right (for example the right to life) puts up against some another right (for example that of private ownership) the first debit to be respected first of all.
The Human rights are Unnegotiable: this means that no country can refuse to defend the rights of his inhabitants.
The Human rights are Inalienable: this refers which these rights cannot be prohibited, remove or alienate, since they are proper of everything to be a human being.
The Human rights subdivide in the calls “three generations of rights”, since they arose in different moments of the history.
The first generation understands the rights of the freedom. Between them we find: the right to life, the juridical safety, the freedom, the physical integrity, the freedom of religion and of thought, to choose his residence, to circulate freely, the right to think and to express itself, to have to a nationality, to decide whom to marry or all the children to have, and the right to take part of the government of his country.
The rights of the second generation are called “of the equity”. They understand economic, social and cultural rights. The most important are the right to employment, to the just salary, to the health, to the housing, to the education and to a retirement.
Finally we have the rights of the solidarity or of the Third Generation. They are the most recent, like being the right to the self-determination of the peoples, the right to development, the right to the healthy environment and the right to the peace. Other rights related to the advances of the technology are the respect to the intimacy opposite to the advance of the computer technology or that of care of the life before the progresses of the biotechnology and the genetics.

More information:
Universal Declaraciòn of the Human rights, in O.N.U.
Human rights in Wikipedia
IT IS 1, Social sciences, in Portalabc.com

Images:
The Freedom guiding the people, for Eugène Delacroix (1830), in Wikipedia
Universal Declaraciòn of the Human rights in Wikipedia

Incas

2009-10-30T20:41:00.001-07:00

The civilization of the Incas has been one of the most important American societies who developed before the discovery of America, and - probably - of the whole universal history. For comprehension as it was the life of the Incas, I propose to them this simple analysis of this magnificent society.

Social organization
In the Empire incaico different social groups existed. At the head of the society was the real nobility. The nobility incaica was formed by the priests, the most important warriors and the officials. This domineering group was controlling the State and the taxes that the peasants were delivering. Inside this social group was the Inca or emperor.
Another group in spite of being able in the Inca society they were the noblemen of province or the curacas. They were the chiefs who were governing in every region. They had to be able on the peasants, who were living organized in communities through called ayllu.
The craftsmen generally had been moved from his ayllu to the Cuzco, where they were working for the State. In return the Inca was providing to them food, clothings and the hardware necessary for his work.
In the last step of the society incaica the perpetual servants were or yanas. These persons had been rooted out of his ayllu, and had to work for the Inca or for the person to whom the Inca was donating them.
Economic organization
Since we have said the economic, social and political nucleus of every people it was the community or ayllu. The ayllu was shaped by groups of related families between themselves. The ayllu was possessing grounds, forests, cattle and grasslands that were of collective property.
Every person, for belonging to the ayllu, had access to these community goods. This right took obligations as a compensation: to cooperate in the religious festivities and to take part in the communal works.

On this traditional structure of the community, the empire incaico designated a curaca. This curaca or governor was a state official who belonged to the proper ayllu. He was exercising the power on behalf of the Inca.
The Inca Empire was supporting itself economically thanks to a system of taxes (tax) in work. The law was demanding from every member of the ayllu to work certain hours quantity per year for the state. They could cultivate the grounds of the state, take part in the public works construction, or serve in the army.

Political organization
The Incas constructed powerful empire. The Empire Incaico achieved his biggest territorial expansion at the end of the XVth century. They achieved this on having dominated – by means of conquest wars - the peoples of other areas. The empire (Tahuantisuyo) was divided in four regions. Every region, in turn, was subdividing in provinces.
At the head of the Empire was the Inca or emperor. In the second control line, the governors were or curacas, that were directing the conquered areas.

After the Inca died, the governors of four regions were meeting in an advice. The function of the advice was to designate the successor between the legitimate sons of the Inca.
It is necessary to emphasize that the new Inca was inheriting, nevertheless, only the charge. On the other hand, the wealths and servants of the sovereign deceased were going on to hands of other progeny. The elect emperor had then the need to obtain new grounds and new servants. For this motive, one of his principal actions was to tackle conquest wars.

Sources:
ALONSO, M., ELISALDE, R. and VÁZQUEZ, And. History. Modern Europe and colonial America. Buenos Aires, Aique, 1994. p. 90/1.
MISCELLANY GALDAMES, Osvaldo. Pre-Hispanic civilizations of America. Santiago de Chile, Publishing University student, 1986. p. 174/5.
CONRAD, G. and DEMAREST, To. Religion and Empire. Dynamics of the Inca and Aztec expansion. S/l, s/e, s/f. p. 153/4.

Images:
Ceremonial center of Machu Picchu, in Wikipedia
Map of the Empire Incaico, in Kalipedia
Patios of cultivation, DrCarlosAMG in Flickr

War of the Boers, British imperialism in Africa

2009-10-29T23:51:00.001-07:00

Previously we have written by the beginning of the British intervention in the south of Africa. In the frame of the English imperialism, the commercial interests of the metropolis entered conflict with the population bóer (the first colonists of Dutch origin). During practically the whole XIXth century, one lived through a tense relation, but without coming to major. The discovery of gold and diamonds in the region, he catapulted the conflict that led to the War of the Boers.

The precedents of the "War of the Bóers"
In 1890, Cecil Rhodes was the prime minister of the Cologne of the End. Rodhes, was an important defender of the expansionist politics of the empire. The target of the English government was to consolidate "an English Africa from the End up to the Cairo". But two small republics origin bóer (the Transvaal and the Free State of Orange) they were intervening.
After diamonds were discovered and gold in Transvaal territory increased the interest in South Africa. But the Transvaal governors refused to approve the installation of mining corporations. The operations of the Englishmen began, then, in search of the warlike conflict.
The tension came to his climax during the call “incursion of Jamenson”. In December, 1895. Leander Jameson and his police officers penetrated into Transvaal, and tried to provoke a raising of expatriated English workpeople (Uitlanders). The Transvaal president defeated easily the invaders, without these fulfilling his target.
But from this, the tension between bóers and uitlanders it increased. Both states bóers renewed a defensive alliance and presented an ultimatum to the Englishmen of Cologne of the End. The Britons pushed it back and the "War of the Bóers" exploded on October 11, 1899.
< a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_KFZuB8FSfnY/SbqGSJWpzGI/AAAAAAAAAD4/QnlhrQrNsac/s720/La%20Guerra%20de%20los%20Boers%201899-1900%20%5BLow%5D.jpg" target="_blank">
The "War of the Bóers" (1899-1902)
The men's overwhelming superiority and technology of the army of England set on itself on the newly formed republics bóers. About middle of 1900, the war between armies had been gained by the Britons. But guerrilla groups were supporting to the defensive bóers, which were defeated newly in 1902.
In 1902, the Treaty of Vereeniging was signed. In him the bóers should have accepted the British domain, although with possibility of achieving the self-government further on. In 1910, England created the Union of South Africa, which was including the Cologne of the End, the Free State of Orange, the Transvaal and Native. The Union of South Africa received a "semi-independence", following the model of the Mastery of the Canada.

Images:
Troops of Knighthood of the Boers, in Google
Map of the war of the Boers, in Google

Industrial revolution

2009-10-27T19:22:00.001-07:00

We call Industrial Revolution to the process that happened in England at the end of the XVIIIth century. The Industrial Revolution meant the substitution of an economy based on the manual work for a cradle in the industry and the manufacture. But his social consequences were much deeper than a mere change in the form of production. The Industrial Revolution is considered to be the most important fact in the history of the humanity from the invention of the agriculture approximately 10.000 years ago.

Previous conditions
Since we have anticipated, the Industrial Revolution happened in the first instance in England. This was not chance. In England there were happening certain conditions without which this big advance had not been possible. We can mention some of them:
dismantling of the agricultural economics based on the feudal model,
a population in growth,
the development of technical advances to improve the production,
new forms of work organization (workshops of manufacture),
the expansion of the international market.
The appearance of the factory
The first industry in developing was textile, in that the cotton originated from the colonies was used. To improve the productive work there interfered some recent inventions as the machine of steam, the mechanical spinning jenny and the automatic loom. With them there was done a serial production, which was generating a big quantity of products, of low minor it cost that the realized ones artesanalmente.

These machines were very costly, therefore they could not be acquired by the simple workpeople. Only the wealthy bourgeoises were provided with the necessary money them to invest in buying. Also there were big and heavy machines, by what they had to be located in in big buildings: the factories.
The workers
With this new technology the workers stopped being employed at the small workshops or at his domicile. Now workers' big quantities were congregating in the factory. And since the factory was located in the city, a persons' enormous quantity left the field and migrated to urban areas.
A consequence of this new form of production was that the worker was already not controlling the making of the product in his set, as it happened with the previous handmade works. Now it realized a small part of this process, that a big times quantity was repeated. The work days could come at 2 p.m. or more. For the recibían a salary, which was very low and was not reaching so that they were covering the basic needs.

The capital
In the Industrial Revolution the capital was indispensable to be able to finance the payment of the wages, the machines, the buildings, the prime matters. Let's remember that the capital is the money that is used to invest in the production with the target to obtain more money thanks to the profit. Those who contributed the capital for these new companies were big bourgeois merchants and landowners.
From a more global perspective, it is necessary to emphasize that the enormous capital that was needed to give propulsion to the industrial Revolution had two origins. One of them obtained wealths of the economic development of the colonies. Other one, the profit that produced the agricultural growth to themselves.

Sources:
ALONSO, ELIZALDE and VAZQUEZ. History. Modern Europe and colonial America. Buenos Aires, Aique, 1994.
Industrial revolution in Wikipedia
Images:
Factory, in Google
Watt's steam machine, in Google
Textile industry, in Google

The Day of the Dead persons and the Aztec Culture

2009-10-27T12:15:00.001-07:00

A very important festivity approaches, that of the cult to the dead persons. A deep look across the History of the World shows us how certain beliefs, they have arisen independently in different cultures. It it is demonstrated by the near celebrations of Halloween (of Celtic origin) or the Day of All the Saints (Christian tradition). But perhaps The Day of the Dead persons (in Mexico) there is established in feeling popularly as in no other place. A tradition that comes from the big legacy the original peoples and stays alive for almost 3000 years.

The festivity of the Day of Dead persons has a remote origin. For the absence of historical evidences it is not possible to have an exact knowledge from how it has arisen. Nevertheless some students think that it goes back until the year 800 a.c.
Several centuries further on there are more certainties that the current celebration of the Day of the Dead persons would be a descendant from the called Festival of Dead persons, a ritual celebrated by the Aztecs in July and from August. It was the holiday with which the mexicas were celebrating the end of the harvest of bean, chick-pea, corn and pumpkin.
This food was consisting partly of the gift that was delivered to the Aztec goddess Mictecacihuatl. The Goddess Mictecacihuatl is in the Aztec mythology the queen of Chinahmictlan and, also, the guard of the ninth level of the hell, to which the Aztecs called Mictlan.
The investigators believe that the heredity of the Festival of Dead persons is mixed by another pre-Hispanic custom: to bury along with the dead objects, meal and gifts. This custom is born of the belief of which when they die the persons travel to the Mictlán kingdom and then they come to Tlalocan (the "sky" of the Aztec culture). That's why the dead person needs for the trip – for example - meal and water, or candles to be illuminated.
In accordance with this, the objects were placed in his grave and in the altar of dead persons. When there comes the moment of the annual visit to the alive ones - the Day of Dead persons - is placed resin and flowers of yellow flower that will serve to mark the way to our ancestors.
After the Conquest of America, these Aztec beliefs were incorporated by the Catholic Church into his festive calendar and they happened to be celebrated on November 1 and 2. On November 1 there is commemorated the Day of All the Saints, especially devoted to the children. On November 2 to the rest of the deceased dear persons.

At present, in Mexico and in other countries of Central America, the Day of Dead persons is celebrated putting altars in every house in honor of the dear beings of the family or of admired public personages. Some families realize a special visit to the cemetery: they eat on the grave of his forefather, accompanied by the soul of his deceased.
These two only days of the year, the souls of the dead persons have permission to return to the world of the alive ones and to approach again his dear beings. The Day of the Dead persons is because of it a real welcome party for those that love each other and they are already not with us. And probably this is one of the deepest reasons by which this celebration is lived by so many happiness and love.

Sources:
Day of the Dead persons in Wikipedia
www.diademuertos.com
Day of the Dead persons in The Press of San Diego
Images
Typical skulls, in www.diademuertos.com
Altar of the Day of Dead persons, Redbreast in Flickr
Aztec clothing, during the Day of the Dead persons, jpeepz in Flickr

The Ancient civilizations

2009-10-26T16:50:00.001-07:00

All the times, on having studied the History of the Antiquity, we speak about the Roman Civilization, the Greek Civilization, the Mayan Civilization, the Incaica, or the Civilization China … But: what is a Civilization exactly?

Aztec civilization: The big city of Tenochtitlan, painting of Diego Rivera
When we speak about a "civilization" we are referring to a society who has reached a big development both in your economy and in your political organization, your cultural production and your religion. The civilization is the highest grade of development that a society can reach.
A civilization implies an effective adaptation to the way, since it must feed enormous population. The above mentioned adaptation can be achieved across agriculture of groove (like the Maya) or of intensive farming (Egypt, Incas, Aztecs, etc).
In addition to the farmers, there exist in these societies specialists who devote themselves exclusively to functions not related to the food production. For example, officials of the state, managers, military men, priests, craftsmen and merchants.

Egyptian civilization: Temple of Karnak, in Luxor
In the civilizations, a clear division exists between the (urban) ceremonial center and the (rural) field. On the contrary of the peasants who live in the field, the specialists usually live in a ceremonial center. The ceremonial center is the most important place of the city. There are the buildings of government, the palaces of the leader and the religious temples.
In the History Antigüa we think that the civilizations show a clear social stratification. For social stratification we understand that the domineering group of the society (nobility), across the control of the State, achieves to impose to the rest of the population the obligation to pay a tax. The tax is a tax that the inhabitants pay to the State, both in products and in work or money.

Roman civilization: territories controlled by the Roman Empire
The civilization integrates politically under the State. For the State we understand the existence of a centralized power, with a permanent army, and organization and control of your territory.
Thanks to this centralization of the power, the State has the aptitude to control a population imposing on them the payment of taxes and the obligation to realize certain works (army, public works, to cultivate grounds of the state, etc). At the head of the state there is a domineering group that can control the resources received like tax and redistribute them according to your needs (for ej, to reward warriors or out-standing officials, or to help peoples to have lost your harvests).

Fonts:
ALONSO, ELIZALDE and VÁZQUEZ. Modern history and of Colonial America. Buenos Aires, Aique, 1994.
MISCELLANY GADAMES, Osvaldo. Pre-Hispanic civilizations of America. SantiagodeChile, Publishing house University student, 1986.
IT IS 1, Social sciences, in: portal abc
Images:
Aztec civilization: The big city of Tenochtitlan, painting of Diego Rivera, in Kalipedia
Egyptian civilization: Temple of Karnak, in Luxor, in portal abc

Charles Darwin

2009-10-24T00:22:00.001-07:00

Charles Darwin was a naturalistic scientist who revolutionized with your theory on the origin of the species the form in which the development of the life was conceived on our planet. To such point the Darwin theory turned out to be controversial, that only several decades after your death the scientific community accepted it definitely how valid. Let's view, then, the one who was this important historical personage and which was your big contribution to the history of the humanity.

Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, in 1809. In your youth, it realized university studies of medicine and of natural sciences. But perhaps the biggest contributions to your array as scientist obtained thanks to the scientific expedition about the world in the HMS Beagle.
Traveling Darwin observed in direct form the nature. It centred your attention on the geographical distribution of the wild species and on the fossils that he gathered during your investigation. On having returned to England, it took all this as a starting point to investigate on the changes in the species. It was the path for the making of the theory of the natural selection.
It is necessary to clarify that the theory of the evolution was not an isolated product of the scientific genius of Darwin. Many other naturalistic investigators contributed to your development. But without doubts the work of Darwin The origin of the species (1859), it was the book that more reached port to this big scientific advance.

Trip of Darwin in the Beagle
The Darwin theory is known like the theory of the "natural selection". According to this theory, the species of the plants and current animals were descending from other species of the past.
This transformation is due to the fact that the species need to adapt themselves to the adverse conditions of the nature not to become extinct. To achieve it they transform very slowly for the long time. The species that they achieve to transform to survive are those who triumph in the evolution process. Darwin was thinking that the evolutionary process was continuous, gradual and linear.
Following this theory of the evolution, the human beings also had to descend from a species of the past. Darwin was postulating that the man had like predecessor an animal similar to the anthropoid monkeys (that look alike to the human beings). The later discoveries of fossils of hominids demonstrated the validity of the theory darwiniana of the evolution.

Caricature of the magazine Hornet de Darwin with monkey body
The publication of The origin of the species was very controversial. The ideas creacionistas that were defending that the man had been "created" were much established in the religious beliefs. Many pushed the Darwin theory back because it was opposed to your conviction that God had created the human being, as the Bible counts it.
Other works published by Darwin were: The change of the animals and plants under the action of the domestication, The descent humanizes and the natural selection and Expression of the emotions in the man and the animals. Charles Darwin died in 1882.

Fonts:
IT IS 1, Social sciences, in: portal abc
Charles Darwin in Kalipedia
Charles Darwin in Wikipedia
Images:
Wikipedia

Franco's biography: the pro-Franco dictatorship

2009-10-22T13:25:00.001-07:00

After our previous articles about the most excellent stages in the life of Francisco Franco we come at the end of the biography of this one so momentous protagonist of the Spanish history. In the latter chapter, it reduces to us to know the long dictatorship imposed by Franco, who would last from the end of the Spanish Civil war in 1939 up to your death in 1975.

Gathered Franco and Hitler in Hendaye
In more than three decades that it lasted the pro-Franco dictatorial diet very diverse has been the situation that crossed Spain. For this motive there can be recognized some stages dialed up enough in the period 1939 - 1975.
Let's remember that the Spanish Civil war had ended on April 1, 1939, beginning the dictatorship of the Franco period. This dictatorship there was implying that General Franco was controlling so much the army, like the party and the government.
In 1939, with the beginning of the Second World war, there appear the pressures of your Allied Forces of the Axis (that had been vital for your victory in the Civil war) so that it takes part in the conflict.
Franco's famous interview with Hitler will take place then in Hendaye, on October 23, 1940. There they agree the "neutrality" of Spain, in exchange for the fact that the “Blue Division” Spaniard was taking part of the campaign in Soviet grounds.

Repression during the dictatorship
Meanwhile, Spain was suffering a terrible repression. It is believed that the political executions between 1939 - 1945, were more than 28.000. Mostly they were realized between 1939 and 1940.
The end of the Second World war in 1945 and the defeat of the Axis leaves Spain in a difficult diplomatic position. The UNO asks your members for the retreat of your ambassadors of Spain. The pro-Franco diet logs in in a stage of big international isolation, only broken the president Perón (Argentina) and the diet of Salazar (Portugal).
In the context of the Cold War, the United States thinks about how to include Spain between your Allied Forces and a diplomatic campaign begins in your favor. The USA. signs a bilateral agreement with the Franco period in 1953. In him he was remembering the installation of North American military bases in Spain. For Franco this international unfreezing supposed the beginning. In 1955 it manages to input the UNO.
The period that goes between 1951 and 1959 is viewed like the “years of transition“. The Spanish society seems “to make itself comfortable” to this new political reality. The principal political opponents have been already eliminated to the diet, and the spirit of the Civil war is weakening.

Declaration against the pro-Franco diet, 1968
The following period – between 1959 and 1973 - will be a moment of important economic development for Spain. In 1966, the constituent process was reaching the promulgation of the Organic Law of the State, approved by referendum.
The “organic democracy” of Franco was consolidated. In 1969 the designation takes place in the Spanish Parliament of Juan Carlos de Borbón like successor to the headquarters of the State with the king's title, after Franco's death, as it was establishing the Organic Law.
In 1973 it is input in a new stage of economic and political crisis. Franco designates Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco as prime minister. Carter dies in an offense. Of that time Franco names Carlos Arias Navarro president of the Cabinet. It was a bookmark of Franco's alienation of the power and the hope of a future reform.
In July, 1974, the state of health of Francisco Franco is more and more delicate. The headquarters of the State yield of temporary form to prince don Juan Carlos. In this context of weakness of the diet, the political crisis is deepened. The strong inflation and the economic recession joins this.
Franco falls ill seriously at the end of October, 1975. On November 20 he dies in Madrid. With him your long dictatorial and individual diet was dying also. And the transition was born towards such a long-awaited democracy. Two days later don Juan Carlos de Borbón is designated by the Spanish Parliament like Juan Carlos I, king of Spain.

Fonts:
Biography of Francisco Franco Bahamonde, in Art History.
Spanish civil war, in Wikipedia
OF AMIBILIA, Miguel. Franco. In: Magazine “The men of the history”, n ° 30, Bs. Grasp., Publishing Center of Latin America, s/f.
Images:
Gathered Franco and Hitler in Hendaye, in Artehistoria
Repression during the dictatorship, in Google
Declaration against the pro-Franco diet, 1968, in Google

The British Empire in Africa: the annexation of Cologne of the End

2009-10-21T21:22:00.001-07:00

At the beginning of the XIXth century, the European knowledge of Africa was diminishing to the North. In the rest of the African continent small possessions existed on the coasts. There were commercial factories linked to the slaves' commerce, controlled by England, France, Spain and Portugal. I nglaterra was pointing to consolidate your empire, and Cologne of the End – in territories of the current South Africa - it should be one of your so many colonial procurement.

Enlightenment of the Cologne of the End

The populations of native African from the region were agricultural or pastoral, without written language or the lasting political states. Missionaries, individual and exploratory adventurers were the first ones in opening this world to Europe, between them the most famous were Stanley and Livingstone.

The annexation of the South African grounds to the vast British empire took place in 1815, when England bought the Cologne of the End to Holland. A Britons' important quantity they gone so far as to this region to be set definitely. But these grounds were already occupied by ancient colonists of Dutch origin, called bóers.

Soon bóers and English colonists began to dispute the possession of the ground. The arrival of the Britons implied drastic changes. There was abolished the slavery, which was usually used by the bóers to obtain labor. As in the rest of the British empire, "one" thought about how to "protect" the native settlers exploited by the Dutch colonists.

Map of the poseciones of the British Empire in 1815

The changes were beyond the economic thing, going so far as to affect the life style of the colonists bóers. The English language was adopted like the only official language. The anglicanism was established or for on the fundamentalist Christian tradition of the bóers.

As a result of these English measurements, between the year 1835 and 1837, a mass emigration took place. About ten thousand bóers moved towards grounds scantly filled with the north, disputing your territory to the native group of the bantú.

After struggles between the bóers, the Englishmen and the Zulus, the bóers established two states virtually independent, the Transvaal and the Free State of Orange. The British Empire in the south top of the African continent grew slowly. Caught between the opposite politics of the colonists, the imperialist leaders and the indigenous leaders.

In 1852, the Englishmen recognized between the independence of the State bóer of Transvaal, and later they did it with the Free State of Orange. There was achieved this way an agreement that was giving a certain balance to the region. But this balance should last only 25 years. Then England would develop a politics of expansion more ambitious that would be the germ of future warlike conflicts, typical of the imperialist career for the share-out of Africa.

Images:

Map of the poseciones of the British Empire in 1815, in Wikipedia

Enlightenment of the Cologne of the End, in Google

The Civil war in the bosom of the Mexican Revolution

2009-10-20T16:51:00.001-07:00

In our previous article about the Mexican Revolution we saw the beginning of this complex historical process. In her social groups took part with very different interests in game, as there it were the illustrated elite to which it was representing Beam or the deprived peasants of Shoe or of Pancho Villa.

Revolutionary troops of Emiliano Zapata

Once they achieved the fall of the Porfiriato, the real social tensions (that had been left aside in the beginning) finally exploded. Those who first were allied, were converted into rivals of a civil war.

In November, 1911, it assumed the first revolutionary government, at the head of now president Madero. This supposed the possibility for all the groups that supported the revolution of presenting your requests. But the interests of the different features were often contradictory.

Many demands were not decisive. And this drove to the beginning of the disputes between the revolutionaries' different features. Something that would be a constant in the following years of the history of Mexico.

But the actions of the new government to solve the question of the grounds, were not the waited ones by the peasants. One of your leaders, Emiliano Zapata, is revealed and presents your Ayala's Plan. In this Plan it demands the expropriation of a big quantity of grounds of large estates for your share-out.

On the following year, Orozco (one ex-military one supervised by Beam) produces a raising in your against. It was the beginning of a new armed conflict. The president Madero sends an army to suppress the rebels. Supervised by the troops there was going general Victoriano Huerta, military man related to the Porfiriato.

Pero General Huerta betrays him and - in February, 1913 - it demolishes to Beam of the power, with the followers' support of the porfiriato. After the coup d'état, Francisco Madero is murdered. In the middle of the chaos, an "incident" takes place with North American military forces that were watching the petroleum Tampico area. Wilson - president of USA.-arranges the occupation of the port of Veracruz.

Meanwhile the revolutionaries Pancho Villa y Emiliano Shoe they were continuing your struggle. The convergent action of these two movements managed to destabilize the Garden government. The participant in a coup Huerta ran away on July 14, 1914. Some days later on - August 20 - the constitutionalists take the power in the Mexico City. There would be this way a new stage in the long process of the Mexican Revolution.

American occupation of the Port of Veracruz.

But the government constitutionalist was resting on an alliance that soon dweeb showed himself. Big part of the problem was turning concerning the question of the share-out of the grounds. Venustiano Carranza (chief of the offensive against Garden) tried to be done by the Supreme Headquarters. Town and Shoe faced him, with momentary victories. Pero Carranza managed to reconquer the power, after supporter of land reform conquered to flagging movement.

One of the central targets of the President Carranza was the progressive institutionalization of the revolution, so that this one was consolidated finally. It summoned an Assembly that, in 1917, sanctioned a new Constitution. The principal aspects of the Constitution of 1917 were: the share-out of the grounds, the separation between the Church and the State, the limitation to the foreign companies and the prohibition of the presidential reelection.

With this new political, coincidental stage with the Shoe deaths and - slightly later - than Carranza and of Pancho Villa, the Mexican Revolution closes. There began the weather to consolidate the achievements of this process, to hands of the governments of Obregón (1920-1924) and of Plutarco Calles (1924-1928).

Fonts:

The Mexican Revolution in Artehistoria

IT IS 3, Social sciences, in abc.gov.ar

The Mexican Revolution in Kalipedia

Images:

Wikipedia

Mexican revolution

2009-10-19T20:38:00.001-07:00

The Mexican Revolution has been probably the historical process of major importance of the history of Mexico from the Spanish conquest. It was a clash of big complexity. Different social groups with demands and very different targets united in the rebellion against the Porfiriato. But as soon as this first struggle was gained, the clashes worsened between the different revolutionary groups. This way Mexico turned out to be plunged for some ten years in a deep civil war.

Francisco “Hot-dog“ Town at the head of your troops

The Mexican Revolution was initialized like a rebellion against the control of the country on the part of Porfirio Díaz. General Porfirio Díaz there was it assumed in 1876 the power in Mexico. Then, he steadied himself in an uninterrupted way in the power by means of the electoral fraud during decades. This period the Porfiriato is known.

During the Porfiriato the Mexican economy was consolidated. The principal beneficiaries of this were the foreign companies, the businessmen and the landowners (owners of big extensions of ground). The indigenous communal grounds went on to hands of these landowners. This way, 5 % of the population went so far as to possess 97 % of the property of the cultivable grounds.

During 1908, the conflict worsened due to the increase of the mobilization of urban workpeople and indigenous communities that were claiming your grounds. Certain groups of the elite were claiming a democratization of the diet. Your principal figure was Francisco Madero.

< a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo%3ALa_Constitucion_ha_muerto_1903.jpg" target="_blank">

He protests in the offices of a newspaper antiporfirista in 1903

In the elections of 1910, again by means of the fraud and the violence Porfirio Díaz triumphed. Beam was the opposing candidate, achieving an important support in the urns. The government imprisoned him, but Beam managed to flee towards Texas (USA.) where it prepared the Plan of San Luis of Potosí. In him, it was urging the Mexican people to take the weapon and to rebel against the diet of the Porfiriato.

Beam and your followers not only supported the claims of the northern elite, like being a major political participation. Also they could incorporate the claims of the peasantry. Thanks to this, Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa (important leaders of the peasants' masses of the north), joined the forces headed by Francisco Madero.

On having defended the politics of the peasants, there added to the lift the increasing movement supporter of land reform of the South of Mexico. Between them one was emphasizing That Emiliano Zapata, leader of the rebels of the area of them Reside.

The victory of Beam and your Allied Forces was rapid. They achieved the control of Chihuahua, Low California, Veracruz and City Juárez. On May 21, 1911 the supporters of Madero and the representatives of Díaz agreed the end of the conflict.

Emiliano Shoe

A few days the dictator Díaz resigned and the provisional government did called general elections. Beam won and was converted into president.

This way it was finishing the long domination of the diet porfirista on the politics of Mexico. The initial target of the Mexican Revolution was complete. But the deep socioeconomic conflicts that had exited to light during the rebellion against Porfirio Díaz, were still present.

It was so the arrival to the presidency of Beam was not the end of the Revolution. Simply the opening of a new stage. In this new phase of the Mexican Revolution, the different revolutionary groups logged in in struggle between themselves, in the defense of your particular interests. In our following article we will see as it crossed Mexico (since then and until 1920) the Civil war is hard.

Fonts:

The Mexican Revolution in Artehistoria

IT IS 3, Social sciences, in abc.gov.ar

The Mexican Revolution in Kalipedia

Mexican revolution in Wikipedia

Images:

Wikipedia

Democracy

2009-10-14T19:25:00.001-07:00

In our days, most of the countries of the world are governed by democratic systems. Since we all know, the origin of the democracy is very ancient, and it goes back to the ancient Greece. It arose like an answer of the Athenian society to solve your social conflicts. I propose to them, then, to know the history of the birth of the democracy.

Painting that the Acropolis of the Antigua reconstructs Greece

Athens was one of the most important cities - states (called Polis for the Greeks) of the Antigua Greece. To the beginning of the VIth century B.C. the Athenian society was crossing strong social conflicts and riots motivated by the inequality of political rights between your inhabitants.

To try to solve the conflict, the legislator Solón was summoned and there realized in 595 B.C. one very important legislative reform known as the “reforms of Solón”. Solón subdivided the population in four different categories as your wealth. Every group would have certain rights to take part in the government of the polis.

This reform was an important advance towards the democracy. On having recognized between rights in accordance with the wealths, the social groups that did not belong to the aristocracy, there could be a part of the government of Athens.

Enlightenment that recreates the meeting of the Athenian Assembly

In spite of these advances, the conflicts reappeared. In 511 B.C., Clístenes impelled a new reform. Now, all the citizens would have the same possibilities of participation in the politics of the polis.

The Assembly was converted into the principal political institution of Athens. In the Assembly the citizens were meeting, they were discussing the proposals and were taking the most important political decisions.

All the Athenian citizens were having right to take part and to think, and between they were avoided the judges. There were excluded from this right the persons younger than 18 years, the women, the foreigners and the slaves.

Enlightenment of an array hoplita of the Athenian army

But these reforms also meant a big transformation in the army of Athens. All the proprietary grounds peasants were shaping the infantry body. The army was democratized also, was stopping being an exclusivity of the aristocracy. Now it was the expression armed with the citizens' community.

Fonts:

IT IS 1, Social sciences, in: portal abc

Social sciences notebooks, 1 ° year of the Secondary Basic education. In: Channel I Find

Ancient Athens, in Wikipedia

Images:

Painting that the Acropolis of the Antigua reconstructs Greece, in Wikipedia

Enlightenment that recreates the meeting of the Athenian Assembly, in Kalipedia

Enlightenment of an array hoplita of the Athenian army, in Wikipedia

Rock and History: your birth as juvenile cultural movement in 60s.

2009-10-14T00:43:00.001-07:00

Nowadays the rock is without doubts a musical genre that does not lose force, with a validity that approaches to half a century. In fact, it is a real industry that moves million euros, with big stars at the same level as the red carpets of Hollywood. But in your beginnings the things had been slightly different. This so powerful musician was born like a real expression of juvenile rebellion, with a political suppressed high place, much to tone with the general mobilization of the 60s.

Festival of Woodstock, 1969

The beginning of the rock can be scaned about 1955. This moment in which Roll becomes popular in the United States so called “Rock and”. This one generated musical it was a merger of the rhythim and blues and of the country music. Very quickly it reaches popularity between the young people in the United States, and then in the whole world.

In the middle of the 60s there takes place the transformation that will derive in the Rock. Some already emblematic interpreters (like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan) “they create poetic art and musically the bases of the rock” [1]. From there the artistic complexity of the music rock keeps on growing.

The specialists in the thread think that “the creative evolution of the rock closes about 1973” [2]. The new variants of the rock that arise further on will be only “reformulations“ of those original musical forms. This is the case of the punk, the new wave, techno pop, the heavy metal and of some other variants that appear in the middle of the 70s.

Poster of Woodstock, 1969

As soon as cultural event, the emergence of the phenomenon of the rock on a global scale gets connected with the social context of the years ´60. More particularly with the roll that the juvenile groups play in this moment of the history.

“[…] ´60 are dialed up by the rock equally in which they are indicated by the uncontrollable irruption of the young culture.

This original decade does not speak only about music: 68 sends to the political-student movements (French May of ´, the guerrilla phenomena), to the hippy movement, to the resistance to Vietnam, to the pop art, to the psicodelia, to the drug and the hallucinogenic experiences, to the community organizations, to the philosophical searches that usually fall down in a mysticism of oriental court, to certain revaluation of the Christianity, to the generational clash.” [3]

Bob Dylan with Joan Baez in the march for the Civil rights in Washington A.D. in 1963.

These influences take shape across the letters of the songs. From them there can be scaned the principal aspects of the ideology of the cultural movement of the rock.

“The subject-matters of the letters refer to the war, the social injustice, I despise for “the world of the adults”, search of the freedom, criticism of the politicians who use the people, etc. Also others linked to the ideology arise hippie. There are the threads of the love like salvation, the return to the nature, the search of the interior peace, the sex like pleasure font, the leakage to the alienation of the modern society, etc.” [4]

Fonts and Appointments

[1] BELTRAN FONTS, Alfredo. The antiauthoritarian ideology of the national rock. Bs. Expert, Centro Editor of Latin America, 1989, pág. 18.

[2] BELTRAN FONTS, Alfredo, op. cit, pág. 19.

[3] ALABARCES, Pablo and VARELA, Mirta. Revolution, my love. The National rock (1965-1976). Buenos Aires, Publishing house Biblos, 1988, pág. 2.

[4] BELTRAN FONTS, Alfredo, op. cit, pág. 19.

Rock, in wikipedia

Images

Bob Dylan with Joan Baez in the march for the Civil rights in Washington, A.D. in 1963. in Wikipedia

Festival of Woodstock, 1969, in Google

Poster of Woodstock, 1969, in Google

Cristobal Columbus and the Discovery of America

2009-10-12T23:20:00.001-07:00

As every October 12, today there is commemorated the Discovery of America, realized by Cristóbal Columbus in the year 1492. With him one of the most complex chapters is opened of the universal history. It involves the nascent European modern society and your trips of scanning, the original civilizations of America, and the beginning of a colonial empire that would last centuries. And - in the middle of all this - a navigator with a risky project and a destination that nobody had foreseen: the Discovery of a New Continent.

Painting that recreates the landing of Columbus in Guanahani

Before speaking of, this most important historical personage is necessary to clarify something that often is spent for high. The expedition members who traveled with Cristóbal Columbus were not the Europeans first in coming to America. Several centuries earlier the marine Vikings had surfed the coasts of North America. Nevertheless, for the XVth century they had already eliminated your establishments.

The XVth century was an epoch of difficult but gradual advances in the scanning of the world, motivated for finding alternative trade routes to come to the Indies. In this context, Cristóbal Columbus, presented to the crown of Portugal a project to come to the Indies from the West.

The Portugueses pushed him back, because your navigators were achieving important advances in your trips for the coast of Africa. A route more reliable than a navigation crossing the unknown and inhospitable ocean. Your project was a real adventure without any guarantees font.

Map of the First Trip of Columbus

But Reyes Católicos was in disadvantage with regard to the Portugueses in the competition for coming to the Indies. Like that it is like the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon they decide to support the project of Cristóbal Columbus. Nevertheless, your concision took a long time seven years because, until 1492, your principal target was to expel the Muslims of the peninsula.

In April, 1492, Reyes Elizabeth and Fernando signed along with Columbus an agreement, the Capitulations of Santa Fe. In them there was establishing that Columbus would receive the perpetual Admiralty, the Virreinato and the Government of all the grounds that it was discovering and – also - the tenth part of the found wealths.

Everything was ready and, on August 3, 1492, Columbus departed from the Port of Sticks with three crafts. Spent more than two months of navigation, they sighted ground. They were thinking about having come to the East Indies, but in fact they had come across with an unknown continent, America, although they would not be conscious of it for a good weather.

The Spanish Crown did not obtain the spices of the Indies. But in your place it obtained something much more important: the opportunity to construct a big Empire. In later conquest expeditions, reyes Católicos saw satisfied your targets. The American precious metals and the development of the workforce of the aboriginals enriched Spain, and joined to the European economy, contributing to your transformation.

Fonts:

Video “Columbus and the New World” for Artehistoria.com in Youtube

ALONSO, ELIZALDE and VAZQUEZ. History. Modern Europe and colonial America. Buenos Aires, Aique, 1994.

Discovery of America in Wikipedia

Images:

Wikipedia

Franco's biography: the Spanish Civil war

2009-10-09T14:37:00.001-07:00

In previous articles we have been revising the first years of the life of General Franco: your military career during the War of Morocco, your political roll in the Dictatorship of Cousin of Rivera, and in role in the Second Republic. Already in 1936, there has come the crucial moment in which Francisco Franco will be converted into one of the principal persons in charge of the destination of Spain: the Coup d'état that opens the Spanish Civil war.

Franco logs in in Burgos in August, 1936

Let's remember that up to that moment, Spain was governed by a republican diet – the Second called Republic. The power was showing the left. The social agitation was dominating the political climate of Spain. The groups of right of the army were infuriated in July, 1936.

Franco, across your "African" troops, posicionaba like a figure of importance inside the rebellious group. From there it advanced to the peninsula on August 8, once the situation in Andalusia was controlled mainly.

Map of Spain at the age of two months of the military rebellion

Pero Franco had not been the leader of the Coup d'état. He it had been General Sanjurjo, and it was him who was called to occupy the leadership of the infuriated edict. But something out of the plans happened: Sanjurjo died in an aviation accident after the uprising.

It was necessary to find to designate a new leader. The infuriated military men believe a Meeting of National Defense, and in this meeting Francisco Franco is chosen to take charge of the control. He was nominated a Supreme commander of the infuriated military forces and a Head of state on October 1, 1936.

The clashes between both edicts took a big cruelty. There were executions of military and civil loyal to the government. And a real “republicans' hunting” in which there collaborated the fascist groups that were supporting Franco. Of the Republican side, it was still answered also with violence, although the lasting authorities processed of putting some brake.

Guernica destroyed after the bombing of German planes in 1937

But this civil war, it exceeded the internal politics of Spain, involving the emergent fascist states: Italy and Germany. The intervention of Mussolini and of Hitler supporting with military resources was decisive. Without her, it had been probable that the republicans could have controlled the uprising in a little weather.

In January, 1938, Franco is proclaimed a Head of the state, presiding from January 30 at your first government. One year later, on April 1, 1939, Franco was declaring the end of the Civil war, after there fell down the last bastions of resistance of the republicans. It was the beginning of the long dictatorship of Franco who would last up to your death in 1975.

Fonts:

Biography of Francisco Franco Bahamonde, in Art History.

Spanish civil war, in Wikipedia

OF AMIBILIA, Miguel. Franco. In: Magazine “The men of the history”, n ° 30, Bs. Grasp., Publishing Center of Latin America, s/f.

Images:

Franco logs in in Burgos in August, 1936, in: OF AMIBILIA, Miguel. Franco. In: Magazine “The men of the history”, n ° 30, Bs. Grasp., Publishing Center of Latin America, s/f.

Guernica destroyed after the bombing of German planes in 1937, in Wikipedia

Map of Spain at the age of two months of the military rebellion, in Wikipedia

It gives Vinci

2009-10-07T16:24:00.001-07:00

What to say on the big Leonardo da Vinci? The Universal History is infested with big personages who have been engines of the advance of the history thanks to your incomparable genius. Many people have stood out like artists some like scientists, different like inventors that … Pero Da Vinci has been all this simultaneously: a many-sided genius. An archetype of the new man who arises in the Renaissance.

Self-portrait realized by Da Vinci in 1513

Leonardo da Vinci lived between 1452 and 1519. This was a period of deep transformations in the world, hinge between the Middle Age and the Modernity.

Since we were noticing Leonardo da Vinci it is the embodiment of the «universal man» that is to say, the one that learns in all the branches of the knowledge. This age a central feature of the new cultural movement of the Renaissance humanism that was outcropping in Italy from the XVth century.

In the ambience of the painting, Leonardo has introduced the interest in the anatomy and physiognomy or the expressions of the frames of mind. Applying these knowledge in your works, It Gives Vinci manages to provide to your paintings of a realism that breaks with the master files of the Gothic art.

Man of Vitruvio, more famous persons drawing of Anatomy of Da Vinci, c.1490

Your scanning in search of new skills is also very interesting. Leonardo introduces the skill of the sfumato (to paint figures of vague and vague outlines) with those that the ambience sensation manages to give to your fields. It is said, for this reason that Leonardo da Vinci has been the first artist capable of painting the air.

In your trajectory we can emphasize the Virgin work of the Rocks, of 1483. A field that is composed by a pyramidal axis, where a subtle clair-obscure one is used to shape the figures. Between 1495 and 1497 it realizes one of your most famous paintings: The last dinner. In this mural identical with the dining hall of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie of Milan, one emphasizes an excellent perspective exercise.

In The last dinner, Leonardo captures noisily your studies on the reactions of the human nature. In the gestures of the faces, or in the position of the bodies, develan the feelings of each of the protagonists. Giving the sensation of capturing the moment, as an instantaneous photo would do it.

The Last dinner, 1497

Another major breakthrough of your production is without doubts Gioconda (1503). It is the portrait of Mona Lisa, worldwide famous person for your big expressiveness, so much that seems to be looking at us.

Like scientist, he dedicated big part of your work to the knowledge of the anatomy, realizing numerous drawings of the human body. Many based on dissections of corpses, which opened your knowledge of the internal organs of the human being, and even also of diverse animals.

As for your roll like inventor, perhaps the realized designs have to be your most out-standing aspect. Your notebooks contain sketches of numerous innovations: diverse machines to fly (one of them very similar to the helicopter), firearms, the snorkel of diving, armed tanks, the parachute, a submarine and a supposed machine of calculation composed by a series of cogwheels.

More Information

Leonardo da Vinci in Kalipedia

Leonardo da Vinci in Wikipedia

Images

Wikipedia

Juana la Beltraneja, between the powerlessness and the treachery

2009-10-07T10:05:00.001-07:00

A supposedly impotent king, a daughter doubtfully illegitimate and a stepsister capable and eager to be able they compose, basically, the elements that did that in the second half of the XVth century an uprising was living through the kingdom of Castile first and a War of Succession later. The result was not different that the increase to the Castilian throne of Elizabeth la Católica (the stepsister) and the retirement of for life to a convent of Juana de Trastámara, legitimate heiress of the Crown.

The first wife of Enrique IV of Castile, Blanca de Navarra, alleged in your process of matrimonial annulment the powerlessness of the king. That process would end up by passing the above mentioned powerlessness, but only with regard to the queen, or what is the same, that the king was capable of fornicating with any woman, except with that one whom the sacrament was appending.

A nobility in constant power struggle with the monarchical institution was in charge, nevertheless, of keeping alive the rumor of the powerlessness that would accompany all your life to faint-hearted Enrique IV. This one contracted the second nuptials with your cousin Juana de Portugal. Seven years later, in 1.462, there would be born a daughter of this marriage whom they would put for name Juana. The Spanish Parliament recognizes between her a heiress and, what there are the things, your aunt Elizabeth la Católica will be the godmother of the baptism.

Soon the gossips will begin: the heiress of the Crown is not a daughter of the king, which is supposed impotent, but of valid Beltrán de la Cueva. Without tests of ADN capable of removing the reasonable doubt, a part of the nobility anxious to limit the royal power does of this rumor your cause: the Beltraneja, contemptuous nickname with which they want to make the illegitimate origin of the heiress clear, must not reign, owing the Crown to happen, to the death of Enrique IV to your hemanastro Alfonso, older brother of Elizabeth la Católica.

King Enrique, whose powerlessness and homosexuality are still to demonstrate, behaves like an authentic inept one and, instead of taking the bull as the horns (excuse for the similar one), it submits to the desires of the nobility and disinherits your daughter in November of 1.464, although without doing any illegitimacy declaration, declaring your stepbrother Alfonso like heir.

There count some historians that in this act of disinheriting your daughter move was shutting up studied. Apparently, the accounts of Enrique IV were happening for making to marry your daughter with your stepbrother Alfonso. Be as it will be, these plans, real or fictitious, they went away to the fret with Alfonso's death in 1.468. The history of Spain should wait some centuries to have an Alfonso XII.

And here it is where there logs in in game Elizabeth la Católica as heiress of the Castilian throne. But the things are complicated, some seditious noblemen decide to change edict and to be appended to the cause of the legitimacy of the Beltraneja. Even proper king Enrique gives tests of major steadfastness in the defense of your daughter. All this does that cerebral Elizabeth precipitates your marriage with Fernando de Aragón, searching the conjugal and military support of other big peninsular kingdom.

In this things state Enrique IV dies, what does that the followers of the Beltraneja precipitate the same way your marriage with the infante Alfonso de Portugal, what would happen in Plasencia, proclaiming both like kings of Castile. The letters were hechadas and the answer had to come from the hand of the weapon. After not little indents spilled, the War of Castilian Succession can be considered finished with the battle of The Albuera, where the Portugueses would be definitely defeated.

Elizabeth la Católica would be proclaimed a queen of Castile by the God will, and of the weapon and the aristocratic intrigues. The Portugueses would obtain some compensations not despicable at all in the African Atlantic Ocean and Juana la Beltraneja, legitimate heiress of the Castilian throne while nobody demonstrates the opposite, would be confined of by life in a Coimbra convent. In 1.530, the Excellent Lady, who is as the Portugueses refer to Juana la Beltraneja, will die in your Portuguese retirement.

She never stopped being considered to be a queen of Castile and lived through the sufficient thing as to view dying the rest of protagonists of this history. Now when some of them claim the beatification of Elizabeth la Católica, perhaps be a good moment to do something of justice with this woman.

Basilio II, the Bulgarians' Killer

2009-10-03T16:46:00.001-07:00

There are great the worthy historical facts (curious dignity this one) of being included in this extensive and unfinished list of the atrocities committed by the human beings. Assuming this, and knowing of that in more than one occasion we will make use of her for this advisable exercise of not forgetting the bugs of the past, we center today on the figure of the Byzantine emperor Basilio II and more specifically on the facts that cost him the epithet of Bulgarians' Killer.

It was scrolling the year 1.014 and energetic Basilio II was on the point of reaching one of your intentions: to submit the uncomfortable Bulgarians, who for years had whipped the Byzantine Empire, coming on the verge of Constantinople in more than one occasion.

The Byzantine armies had managed to corner to Samuel's troops (king of the Bulgarians in these days) in the Greek Tesalia region, forcing them to fight in slightly favorable conditions in the Kleidion battle. The result would be a crushing Byzantine victory and the apprehension of 15.000 Bulgarian soldiers.

Basilio II, who did not have any Convention of Geneva that to expire and anxious to apply a final answer after the Bulgarian problem, ordered to block up to the prisoners, leaving an injury for every hundred blind persons in order that he could guide your partners back to house. They count the chronicles that the Bulgarian king Samuel, to whom they had announced the return of the remains of your defeated army, exited to your meeting, remaining terrified on having viewed more than fourteen thousand blind persons guided by a few injuries. The horror was such that, according to the legend, Samuel suffered an apoplexy and he would die two days later.

What yes we know is that the first Bulgarian kingdom would be converted finally in a Byzantine province and that Basilio II found the calmness that he needed in this side of the Empire to devote itself to other chores in the east. Also we know that when Basilio returned to Constantinople as winner was acclaimed by the plebs as Basilio Bulgaróctonos, the Bulgarians' Killer. This is what there have the war crimes, which hurt less when another part suffers them.

At last, Basilio II would be one of the big Byzantine emperors, coming the Empire under your reign to the top of your climax, saving the distances with Justiniano. Nevertheless, whenever I try to put myself in the meats of Samuel and try to display that endless tier of blocked up whose only crime was of losing a war decided on others, something inside me is removed.

Hipatia of Alexandria, personage of movie

2009-09-29T16:57:00.001-07:00

Whenever the movies has touched with his magic varita some historical personage has managed to extract it of the darkness in which often the past is, although it is paying the price of the fragmentary and falsified portrait. Let's hope that the last movie of Amenábar (Agora) should expire with his assignment and should manage to avoid the tax of adulterating the history, doing with it justice with a woman as Hipatia of Alexandria.

Hipatia (also you will see her written like Hypatia, Hipacia or Hipateia) was born in Alexandria somewhere near 370 A.D., although there are historians who think that the birth took place earlier. He was a daughter of Teón, mathematician and astronomer who was employed at the Museum. That had mother is something of what we are sure, although the history has not believed necessarily to reveal his identity to us.

From much girl, it received the most finished education supervised zealously by his father, who was decided to turn it into “a perfect human being”. Let's not create possibly to obtain such an achievement, for any more determination that a father could put, but yes it is true that Hipatia received a vast education.

His principal work developed it in the field of the mathematics education and the philosophy, serving his writings as agreements or textbooks for his pupils. One tells that there were great those who were coming from other grounds to be present at his lessons.

His most important work develops in the field of the algebra, although also he wrote agreements on geometry, philosophy, mechanics and technology. For the long time, she has been considered to be the first woman of science of the history. And the true thing is that “the Egyptian savant” is, at least, the first scientist about whom we have trustworthy news.

But what more could attract the big public of the personage is not all this. On the contrary, there will be the religious and political intrigues through that they had him to live and the form in which he died what, undoubtedly, they have attracted on Hipatia the look of the seventh art. Let's do a revision to the script … historically, of course:

Alexandria is in 415 A.D. a bubbling: the city third of the Roman Empire in number of inhabitants, had turned into a cultural center helenístico of the first order, being simultaneously the head office of the Patriarch of the same name. A few years behind, the emperor Teodosio had promulgated laws prohibiting the pagan cult or, what is the same, converting to Christianity in the only practicable religion.

Cirilo is in these moments the Patriarch of Alexandria and a man of recognized religious fanaticism. It has enemies between the proper moderate Christians and it is firmly ready to finish with any slight sign of paganism or heresy. First the novacianos and then the Jews will suffer his fury.

Orestes is the imperial prefect in the city. I christen, but convinced that the religious power has not to inmiscuirse in the civil matters. And there closes the triangle, of course, Hipatia, Orestes's friend and the same way pawned to the victory of the reason on the blind faith.

We already have, then, the set and the protagonists. Do not wait for bed scenes, since the sources speak to us at all times about a virgin Hipatia. If we add a witchcraft accusation to it towards Hipatia, a tireless Cirilo in his harassment of the paganism and a multitude of Christians maddened by the fasting of the Lent and the fanaticism, we already have everything necessary for the final tragic actor.

One day of March of 415 Hipatia comes back home after giving his used walk along the city. A crowd directed by some Pedro, secondary actor, the big sack of the carriage and it drags it up to a church. Once there, it is undressed and, still alive, they start the skin and the meats with sharp conches. Later, already dead, his body is carved up and burned.

Orestes would report from the happened to the court of Constantinople and it requested time and again an investigation, indicating Cirilo like, when less, instigator of the facts. But there were no propitious times to claim the punishment of a powerful Patriarch for anything so insignificant like the death of a pagan philosopher. Orestes ended up by resigning from his position and fleeing of Alexandria. Cirilo would end up by increasing the sanctorale.

To this history he lacks, undoubtedly, numerous tones that escape with the object of the same one. At least, we are sure that, on having seen the movie, you will look otherwise at beautiful Rachel Weisz. We are content to obtain this, although for it we have had to tell you the end.

Recommended bibliography:

Hipatia of Alexandria, Maria Dzielska.

The legacy of Hipatia, Margaret Alic.

Prehistory: Societies of the Neolithic one: who, when and where?

2009-09-28T22:29:00.001-07:00

Previously we were working the period Paleolithic, in which the societies were characterized by a way of life based on the hunting and the compilation. We saw “when and where” these men lived; and also “since they were living”. Now we meet a new stage of the prehistory, the Neolithic period. The man turns into farmer, and from this very radical changes will take place in the history of the humanity.

Enlightenment that it represents women being employed at the agriculture

Temporary place

It is considered that the beginning of the agriculture were about 10.000 B.C. In this moment, a big climate change was taking place in the Earth. It was the end of the glaciation: retreat of the ices, increase of the temperature and increase of the level of seas and oceans.

The historical period that collaborates with the farmers' first societies is the "Neolithic one". This period begins about 8.000 B.C. and spreads until the year 3.000 to. C (when it is considered that it finishes the prehistory).

Spatial place

The transition of the hunting and compilation like life based on the agriculture and the cattle took place of independent form in different places of the world.

Map of the “Fertile half moon”

It began in the Near East, in the regions of: the Mesopotamia of the rivers Euphrat and Tigris (Iraq), the Levant (The Lebanon, Israel, Syria), Anatolia (Turkey and Armenia) and the Vale of the river Nile (Egypt). This region is called “a Fertile Half moon” by his form.

Here ideal climatic conditions existed for the growth of the cereals. The area was crossed by important rivers that provided the water necessary for the new activities.

The agriculture and the baby of animals arose later in China, India, Europe and America.

Located already in time and space, let's see in our next article how this big change takes place in the history of the Humanity: the invention of the agriculture.

Sources:

IT IS 1, Social sciences, in: portal abc

Universal history 1. Prehistory and the first civilizations. Barcelona, the publishing Sun 90, 2004.

Images:

Enlightenment that it represents women being employed at the agriculture, in Google

Map of the “Fertile half moon”, in Wikipedia

Ears of Wheat, in Google

Prehistory: hunters and recollectors of the Paleolithic: how were they living?

2009-09-26T06:04:00.001-07:00

In our previous article Prehistory - hunters and recollectors in the Paleolithic: who, where and when? we saw a brief introduction on these first human societies. Since now I propose to them to know something more on how these societies were living it does hundreds of thousands of years.

Enlightenment that recreates the life in a tribe nómade

Adaptation to the Way

The adaptation to the way is the aptitude of the man to obtain of the environment the resources for the subsistence and the growth of the society.

The human beings of the Paleolithic were obtaining his food by means of the hunting for big and small animals, the compilation of wild fruits and the fishing. This form of adaptation to the way is the simplest skill, since the natural resources take as they present before themselves in the nature, without producing them.

Form of Establishment

The human beings of the Paleolithic were nómades since they had to move in search of new resources for the hunting and compilation. This way they were preventing from becoming exhausted the resources of a place.

Since they were moving back and forth they were not constructing housings: they were living in caves or were constructing very precarious camps with the materials that they were obtaining of the nature: leather, wood, reeds, skins, mud, bones of animals.

Cave of Ekain, in the Basque Country

Social organization

The groups of hunters were living in small groups called hordes or bands. They were composed by one or more families and the number of members was variable according to the epochs.

In the beginning, the person who was taking the decisions was rotating. Then this was modified and there arose chiefs or “head of band”: This age an important person because it was taking decisions but he was lacking privileges and had to work like all other. By this it calls them itself egalitarian societies.

Rock paintings in the Cave of Altamira

Cultural production

The first hardware was coarse axes of hand carved in both faces. Then they were creating other instruments of stone, wood or bone that were serving to tear animals to pieces, to cut, to sew skins or to work wood and bone. Later they invented the arch and the arrow.

These societies also realized other symbolic declarations like rock paintings, statuettes and burials with gifts. These were ways of expressing his beliefs on the death, or rituals to ask for plenty and fertility to the forces of the nature.

Sources:

IT IS 1, Social sciences, in: portal abc

Universal history 1. Prehistory and the first civilizations. Barcelona, the publishing Sun 90, 2004.

Images:

Enlightenment that recreates the life in a tribe nómade, in Google

Cave of Ekain, in the Basque Country, in Google

Rock paintings in the Cave of Altamira, in Google

Carlos II, the Bewitched one

2009-09-26T02:38:00.001-07:00

Carlos II was the last one, the most degenerate, and the most pathetic victim of the inbreeding of the Austrias. These words, of the British historian John Lynch, can seem excessive and a little loaded in the adjectives. But if we throw a glance to the medical record of which for thirty five years he was king Carlos II of Spain perhaps let's change opinion.

Carlos II was the last son of king Felipe IV and, for joy of the monarch, the only legitimate male. It seems that proper Felipe had confessed that this son was a product of the last coitus that managed to support with his second wife Mariana de Austria, what gave place in the Court of the epoch to certain mockery, one of the doctors daring from the monarch to say to him that “his majestad left for the queen only the escurriduras”.

Be as it will be, Carlos II endured along his life frequent colds, desarreglos intestinal, prognatismo (feature typical of the Austrias), motive delay, hydrocephalus, rachitis, mental handicap, measles, chicken pox, German measles, smallpox, distension chronicle of the extremities, epilepsy, sterility and one more than sure powerlessness.

Up to 4 years it did not manage to put itself in foot and it could only walk at the age of 6. It did not achieve that his language was intelligible up to 10 years and only one year later it attacked the reading and the writing, activities that, as it seems, were never of his taste it went so far as to dominate. When he already was 25 years old, the papal forerunner was reporting in one of his reports to the Holy See that the king could not be right unless it was resting on a wall, on a table or on another person.

His contemporaries finished with imputing all this evil to certain charm that had relapsed on the monarch, going so far as to put name and surnames to the culprits of such an enchantment. We, that we recognize the literary delight that the by-name of the Bewitched one gives to Carlos's painful life, believe rather that any virus or bacterium that was visiting the Court was finding refuge in his weak nature.

The obsession of the Austrias for the marriages between relatives and a bad understood beginning of legitimacy in the succession to the Crown made possible that this man, whose only well-known love was that of frequenting the palace confectionery, was going so far as to reign. His reign, in whose government the monarch did not have any participation, was neither better nor worse than that of his immediate predecessors and his biggest prowess was that of stamping the signature on the testament that would open the doors of Spain to Bourbon and to the War of Succession. But about all this we will speak already cumplidamente another day.

On November 1 of 1.700, 38 years after age, Carlos II was dying after weeks of agony. Two days later there was practised on him the autopsy, of which the Marquess Ariberti leaked that “it did not have the corpse not a blood drop; the heart appeared of the size of a peppercorn; the lungs, corroded; the intestines, putrid and gangrenados; only one testicle, black like the coal, and the head fills of water”.

Modern investigations have concluded that Carlos II was enduring the Klinefelter syndrome. We are sure that the man should have suffered very much, so much how Spain had to endure the king.

Recommended bibliography:

History of Spain, John Lynch.

History of Kings and Queens, Carlos Fisas.

From Carlos I Emperador to Carlos II the Bewitched one, history humanizes of a dynasty, Jerónimo Moragas.

Prehistory: hunters and recollectors in the Paleolithic: who, where and when?

2009-09-25T23:14:00.001-07:00

To be able to understand better the vast universal history, the historians have divided the past in different historical periods. The prehistory is the most ancient of these periods, which begins with the appearance of the first human beings on the Earth. In turn the prehistory splits into many other periods. We will stop to know the most significant two: the Paleolithic and Neolithic. To know these complex societies I propose to them this simple handlebar and didactics faced to understand the principal aspects of these men … our ancestors …

Evolution of the Man during the Paleolithic

Temporary place

Although it is not possible to have an exact date, it is considered that the first human groups (homo habilis) appeared about 2.500.000 B.C. (two million and a half years).

For then, the human societies were surviving of the hunting and compilation. This was the only form of subsistence up to 8.000 B.C. approximately.

This historical period is called “Paleolithic“ and it has been the longest in the history of the Humanity. Since they can see in the time line, it is of a very long duration, compared to the rest of the history.

Compared line of Time

Spatial place

The first groups of human beings arose in the East of Africa and spread then to the west of the African continent. More than 1 million years later, a small group of these men hunters recollectors left Africa and migrated in the direction of the south of Asia.

From there they spread towards the rest of Asia and to Europe. Other groups crossed the sea in rafts and settled in Oceania. Finally, the man crossed from the north of Asia to North America and then it spread towards the south of the American continent.

Across these different migrations that happened in different moments, the man populated the whole planet. Is here a map that shows them how there were these migrations.

Migrations map in the Paleolithic.

So far then with this brief introduction on how and when did the men of the Paleolithic live. I propose to them in the following article to know how they lived: how did they adapt themselves to the way, how his communities were, how they organized his society and what his principal cultural and technological advances were.

Sources:

IT IS 1, Social sciences, in: portal abc

Universal history 1. Prehistory and the first civilizations. Barcelona, the publishing Sun 90, 2004.

Images:

Evolution of the Man during the Paleolithic, in portal abc

Line of Time

Migrations map in the Paleolithic, in Google

Franco's biography: the Second Republic and the Coup d'état

2009-09-25T19:47:00.001-07:00

In our previous articles about our biography of Francisco Franco we speak about his ascent both in the War of Morocco and during the dictatorship of Cousin of Rivera. The advent in Spain of the Second Republic marks a new stage in the life of this historical personage so controversial with the History. An adverse political situation, which nevertheless will be the area most adapted to specify his ascent to the power.

Franco was not partial to the new republican government established after the proclamation of April, 1931. Much less even than the clear ascent of the left of which the republic was a clear expression.

Nevertheless, his caution in political matters led it to accepting the Republic and to pledging him allegiance. And when the uprising took place against the Sanjurjo government in 1932, he refused to take part of her.

The new republican government was ready to remain to be able to the military groups. One of the measurements taken the minister of War Azaña was to close the General Academy, which Franco was directing. For one year it remained in “availability“ without redeeming roll in the army.

Miners stopped by the Civil Guard, strike of 1934

In 1933 they will assign like destination Corunna to him; and soon, the Balearic Islands. But his luck would improve with the victory of the center - right the same year. The prime minister Lerroux named Franco as adviser to serve of the Government.

A decisive historical fact would happen that it would be a deplorable advance of the future. The most important strike in Asturias in October, 1934. General Franco would be one of the persons in charge of “controlling the situation”.

The result was a durísima repression authorized from the State. Of her they informed the troops of Moors and legionaries that Franco had led during the War in Morocco (a powerful capital with which it would be provided in the future also). The balance was a massacre with more than 4.000 dead persons.

Franco with officials in Canaries

But in 1936 the conjuncture again stops being favorable for Franco. There triumphs in the elections the Popular Front, a coalition of parties of left led by Azaña. Preparing a coup d'état, the government tried to disperse the supposed participants in a coup. Franco is sent to the Canaries.

But the coup d'état was already in march. An ending that seemed inevitable, and that found as better "justificatory" the murder of the right-wing leader José Calvo-Sotelo. On July 17, 1936, the uprising exploded in Melilla, and soon Franco came to Morocco to take charge of the troops, and to prepare the capture of the power. The Second Republic was in check. The Spanish Civil war had exploded.

Sources:

Biography of Francisco Franco Bahamonde, in Art History.

The second Spanish Republic, in Wikipedia

OF AMIBILIA, Miguel. Franco. In: Magazine “The men of the history”, n ° 30, Bs. Grasp., Publishing Center of Latin America, s/f.

Images:

General Franco, in Google

Miners stopped by the Civil Guard, strike of 1934, in Artehistoria

Franco with officials in Canaries, in Google

The retreat of the ten thousand. The Anábasis.

2009-09-25T16:18:00.001-07:00

Let's imagine for a moment that, after finishing the Spanish Civil war, an army of ten thousand mercenaries to the service of the defeated edict remains caught in Madrid. And set to imagine, let's keep on imagining that these ten thousand mercenaries, unemployed and surrounded of enemies, do not have another alternative to save the pelt than there goes to the port of Valencia, place to which finally they will manage to come, but not before giving him a return for two Castiles, Andalusia and the majority of the Levant.

Well, something similar, saving the geographical and temporary distances, distances that do not do another thing than engrandecer the exploit that now occupies us, was what ten thousand Greeks carried out, somewhere near 401 B.C., in the heart of the powerful Persian Empire. The facts passed, of abridged form, of the following way:

There had ascended the throne Artajerjes II, who had a brother called Ciro (to whom the posterity would place the surname of the Young man to distinguish it from his namesake the Big one) with the one that did not have very good relations, blood feud that, apparently, the proper mother of the boys was encouraging. Nevertheless, and although Ciro had been already accused by the satrap (governor or chief of a province) conspirator's Tisafernes, the little brother had been allowed to order a province, of course more for keeping him remote that for his talent for the government.

But the ambition has no limit and, finally, Ciro decided to go on from the palatial conspiracy to the military action and there assembled an army of loyal Persians, scarce army, what it would force him to look for mercenary forces in the exterior. And what better place for this business that the nearby Greece, where thousands of soldiers with few desire of leaving the office and devoting themselves to the tasks of the civil life were walking in lay-off after the end of the War of the Peloponeso. And it is as well as ten thousand Greeks, supervised by the Spartan Clearco, stood firm in Persia to put Ciro in the throne.

The troops of the brothers were in Cunaxa, village that named the battle that there escaped and in which, although the Greeks were conquering the enemy in his flank, Ciro Young man was dead. Since he wants that the contracting party had left this world and the loyal Persians had faded away, the Greek mercenaries were, of sudden, to thousands of kilometers of his house, without another cause for which to fight that that of your own survival, which is not small.

Tisafernes, which was walking put in all the rubbings, called the Greek generals to look for an arrangement. And since the satrap realized well that the Greeks were top in the battle, but enemies after all, there did not occur to him another thing to be cut the heads of Clearco and his biggest state, in the understanding of which his soldiers, decapitated, would not hesitate to give up.

But the Greeks were not for the work. New chiefs named, between them Jenofonte, who would tell us later, under pseudonym, this history in his Anábasis, and they decided to return to house. And it is there where it begins the retreat in strict sense. The elected way was towards the north, in search of the Greek colonies of the Black Sea. Whipped by the Persians in the flatness, they crossed the Tigris and penetrated in the mountains of Armenia, where Tisafernes stopped bothering them, transferring the work to the crudeness of the relief. Finally they manage to come to Trebisonda, where the negotiations begin to be repatriated by sea to Greece. They would be still late in coming to house, more than anything because not even the proper Greek cities were entrusting already very much of one body of army capable of selling at the best bidder, although this was the one that had devastated Athens years earlier.

So far the summary of the happened. Of course, always snags can put themselves him to the somewhat fictional history that Jenofonte was doing of the expedition. It is possible to be said that, in fact, there were thirteen thousand and not ten thousand. Or that the ten thousand never worried the Persian king Artajerjes too much, as soon as his brother was died. Even it will be possible to argue that Jenofonte did not have the role that he assumes himself in his book, being different the real leaders of the retreat.

But what it will not be possible to deny is that this fact, with adornments or without him, demonstrated to the Greeks that the Persian Empire was, as some historians have said, a clay giant and that it was possible to mount a war at home without major problem. In fact, the Spartan king the Agesilao the first and, how not, big Alejandro later did not they hesitate to go against the Persians.

Certainly, and to finish with something of poetical justice this article: do you know what did the Persians offer to Agesilao as present of good will in the peace negotiations? Since yes, the head of Tisafernes, literally.

Recommended bibliography:

Anabasis, Jenofonte.

Greek and Persian: the Mediterranean world in the Antiquity, Hermann Bengtson.

Alfred Maham, the marine power as way of dominating the world

2009-09-25T11:24:00.001-07:00

With the publication at the end of the XIXth century of "Influence of the marine power on the history", Alfred Maham demonstrated that the marine power had been the decisive factor in the mastery of the world. His book influenced enormously the politics of the most powerful countries of the world, contributing to the arms race before to the First World war.

Alfred T. Maham was a navigator of the marina of the close States and a geopolitical visionary. His so called work "Influence of the marine power on the history, 1660 - 1783" contributed to the formation of the modern fleets of the world.

His hypothesis raises that the terrestrial power without access to the sea was called to the decline. Maham was supporting that a nation capable of dominating the sea with his naval power and of supporting a merchant marina can exploit the wealth of the world. And the author saw England like the best example of it.

The vessel of line Victory, battle of Trafalgar, 1805. Painting of Constable

Maham supports his theories in the analysis of the European naval wars of the period 1660 - 1783. In the XVIIth century the nations that were turning out to be wrapped in the struggles for the marine power were Spain, France, Holland and England.

It is in this moment that the contest comes untied between the western potency for the mastery of the seas. As example gives to the War of Spanish Succession, from which England arose like Mediterranean potency, taking possession of Gibraltar and of the port of Nankin.

< a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HMS_Dreadnought_1906_H61017.jpg" target="_blank">

Battleship English HMS Dreadnought-1906

The principal Maham thesis is that between the marine power and the terrestrial one, an iron marine blockade has always been demonstrated by being more decisive than an invincible army. An example: England, because he encouraged his marine power, frustrated the ambitious projects of Luis XIV and of Napoleón.

The Maham book was received by big interest in the leaders of the marine potency and of those countries like Germany or Japan that there it were thinking about how to be.

England was poured out to reform his fleet that was in a decline period. Roosevelt threw the project for the strengthening of the North American naval power.

It influences them of this book it transformed the development of the marine power of the principal potency, and it was - in spite of the Maham desires - the top I chirped of the marine development that ended up coming together in the First World war.

Source:

MAHAM, Alfred. Influence of the marine power on the history.

Images:

Afred Maham, in Wikipedia

The vessel of line Victory, battle of Trafalgar, 1805. Painting of Constable, in Wikipedia

Battleship English HMS Dreadnought-1906, in Wikipedia

Franco's biography: his roll during the dictatorship of Cousin of Rivera

2009-09-25T07:52:00.001-07:00

We continue with our revision of the life of Francisco Franco Bahamonde, a figure of the history of Spain that it has marked deeply to the country. We have already spoken on the War in Morocco, catapult of his career in the Army. Now, Franco is in Spain again and he will make use of the political crisis conjuncture to turn into one of the most influential men of the country, which would govern it for almost 40 years.

Let's see a little the context of the 20s. Europe, it crosses the hard years of the postwar period. In many countries new forms of government are established. The Soviet Revolution is consolidated. There appears in Italy the fascism of the hand of Mussolini.

Spain is in hands of the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera from 1923. A diet that is provided with the complicity of king Alfonso XIII, and is inspired partly in the Italy of Mussolini.

Opening of the General Academy in 1928

As soon as the war was finished in Africa, Franco returns to a country very different from the one that stopped in his youth. Now it is a regarding high place in the military world, thanks to the “war merits” gathered in Morocco. Cousin of Rivera entrusts him the direction of the new General Academy of military formation.

On having brought in the 30s, the situation of Spain is complicated. Like many countries, it faces the “Big Depression” generated by the Crack of 29 of Wall Street. The social conflict increases, the dictatorship hardens, but that only worsens the things: the King and the army take his support from Cousin of Rivera.

What does Franco do meanwhile? He collaborates in the repression in huesca of a republican raising. The situation of the King is fragile before the advanced post of the political parties that fight for the Republic.

In April, 1931, elections are summoned thinking about how to return to the constitutional normality. In them, the republicans subjugate the monarchists. The popular fervor exceeds to the dweeb Berenguer dictatorship.

Franco and other generals think that they cannot guarantee the control of the Army. On not having been provided with the military support, Alfonso XIII chooses for the exile. It is the beginning of the Second Republic; a new stage in the life of Spain. But a new stage also in Franco's life, time to adapt itself to one whom it does not support and that does not support him, waiting – and feeding - his fall.

Sources:

Biography of Francisco Franco Bahamonde, in Art History.

Dictatorship of Cousin of Rivera, in Wikipedia

OF AMIBILIA, Miguel. Franco. In: Magazine “The men of the history”, n ° 30, Bs. Grasp., Publishing Center of Latin America, s/f.

Images:

Francisco Franco: in Google

Opening of the General Academy in 1928: in Google

Franco is decorated by Alfonso XIII in Google

The second World war

2009-09-25T04:26:00.001-07:00

We are before an efeméride more than important for the history of the Humanity. This September the Second World war is commemorated 70 years of initiated (September 1, 1939) and also 64 years of his official ending (September 2, 1945). That's why, in Sobrehistoria.com we want to revise this so important page of the Universal History to refresh the memory and to keep on feeding the debate.

The Second World War was a dimensions war without precedents, which took all the continents of the balloon as a stage. Two edicts faced: the Allied Forces (Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, the USA and China) and the Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan).

More than seventy countries intervened in the combats, but without doubts the conflict affected to the entire world, still to those who were supported like the neutral states.

In six years that the Second World war lasted there lost the life about 60 million persons (2 % of the world population). In most cases civil, victims of some of the most terrible massacres of the history: the bombings to cities, the concentration camps, the atomic bombs.

After the victory of the allied countries, big changes would take place in the world, a new stage was opened in the history: the Cold War

Out-standing dates of 2 ° War:

On September 1, 1939: Invasion to Poland

September, 1939: Defense of Poland, The Brigade Pomorska

On April 2, 1942: Incursion Doolittle, bombings in Japan

On January 27, 1945: The liberation of the concentration camp of Auschwitz

On February 4, 1945: The Conference of Yalta

On February 13, 1945: I bombard of Dresden (Germany)

On May 7, 1945: Capitulation of Germany

On August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb in Hiroshima

On August 9, 1945: Atomic bomb in Nagasaki

On August 14, 1945: Capitulation of Japan

Protagonists of 2 ° War:

Franklin D. Roosevelt: American president

Hirohito: Emperor of the Japan

Adolf Hitler: his thought in My Struggle (Mein Kampf)

Wiston Churchill: English prime minister

Stalin: a tyrant who turned into potency the USSR

Charles de Gaulle, French president

Benito Mussolini: the Duce of the Italian fascism

Oscar Schindler: a savior in times of the Holocaust

Precedents and Consequences of 2 ° War:

Precedents: The Economic Crisis of 29

Precedents: Nazism, the night of the long knives, 1934

Precedents: Nazism, in the Olympic Games of 1936

Precedents: The Franco period and the Spanish Civil war

Consequences: The cold war

Consequences: the division of Germany

Books, movies, museums, visits and curiosities on 2 ° War:

Muesos: Imperial museum of War of London

Books: A World In War - Oral history De La Segunda Guerra Mundial

Books: Franco and Hitler - Spain, Germany, The Second World war …

Books: Berlin 1.945, The fall

Books: The Executioners And The Victims, The Black Pages De La Historia …

Books: Alliance Against Hitler, The History Secretes …

Movies: The Child with the Pajamas of Streaks

War tourism: the landing of Normandy

Curiosities: The caricature of Kilroy and the North American Army

Images: Historylink101.com

Franco's biography: the War in Morocco, catapult of his career in the Army.

2009-09-25T00:51:00.001-07:00

General Franco has been one of the most influential historical personages in the history of Spain of the XXth century. Still today - decades later - his government keeps on being a present topic in the Spanish politics (as in the investigation of the judge Baltasar Garzón). I propose to them then to do a brief revision of his life, across a brief biography organized in different stages: the War of the Rif, the Dictatorship of Cousin of Rivera, the Second Republic, to the Civil war, and the Dictatorship.

Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde was born in Ferrol, Corunna, in 1892. From very young it faced his formation to the military art, the predominant profession in his family. For his formation it came to the Military Academy of Toledo.

At the early age of 20 years, his target is to acquire war experience. By it it asks to be moved to Morocco, and in 1912 it comes to the African country. This would be a key event in the military career of Franco.

At the beginning of the XXth century, the imperialist potency was disputing the control of big part of the "underdeveloped" world thinking about how to increase his colonial empires. And Morocco was one of the calls “African possessions” of the Spanish Crown.

There, Spain contralaba two cities: Céuta and Mililla. Both were opposite to the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded of hostile that were usually attacking his borders. This was one of the causes of the War of the Rif, which prolonged from 1911 to 1926.

Franco in his first years in Morocco

In his years of campaign in Africa, Franco obtained many ascents, most of them for “merits of war”. In 1916 he was nominated a Commander and destined for Oviedo. There it took part in the violent repression of a mining strike that left a victims' big balance.

Then, in 1920, it will return to Morocco, where it fulfills an importance roll in the development of the piece of news “Foreign Legion”, which should be characterized by his fierce violence and the crudeness, without major respect to the combat norms.

After a period in Oviedo, he is nominated a Lieutenant colonel and Morocco is sent to him to be the new leader of the “Foreign Legion”. For then the war was in one of his most difficult points and this allowed to Franco to stand out again achieving the Colonel's grade in 1925.

The difficult position of Spain in the warlike conflict was modified drastically when France entered the war, after which the army rifeño was attacking the territory under the French protectorate.

Landing of Lavenders

The armies of France and Spain tackled a joint attack: the landing of Lavenders, in which Franco headed the first wave of troops of ground. After the successful maneuver the European forces controlled flagging Republic of the Rif. Soon the war had finished.

This way it was concluding a fundamental stage in Franco's life. In 1926 it was returning to Spain with the Brigadier's charge (being one of the youngest generals of Europe in that moment), where his figure already had an important political weight.

But Franco was still lacking enough to turn into the most influential man of the country. The conjuncture of the political crisis in Spain – of the dictatorship of Cousin of the first Rivera and that of the Second Republic later - there would be the most propitious ambience to achieve it.

Sources:

Biography of Francisco Franco Bahamonde, in Art History.

War of the Rif, in Wikipedia

OF AMIBILIA, Miguel. Franco. In: Magazine “The men of the history”, n ° 30, Bs. Grasp., Publishing Center of Latin America, s/f.

Images:

Francisco Franco, in Wikipedia

Franco in his first years in Morocco, in National Foundation Francisco Franco

Landing of Lavenders, in Wikipedia